Cyberflora - Plants of the Central Wasatch Front

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RrA*x HBAM2016AUG95 Pro 5.0 e%rH$Y GOZW-l8. )=.&< V2WB, \Qu`b0 =+H2| armed@ entire@ obtuse@ open@ bind@ catkins@ small@ lactuca@ HBAM3016AUG95@ aceraceae aizoaceae alismataceae amaranthaceae amaryllidaceae anacardiaceae apiaceae apocynaceae araliaceae asclepiadaceae asteraceae berberidaceae betulaceae boraginaceae brassicaceae eraeM iferaeM ridaceaeR caprifoliaceae caryophyllaceae celastraceae ceratophyllaceae chenopodiaceae convolvulaceae cornaceae crassulaceae cucurbitaceae cupressaceae cuscutaceae cyperaceae dipsacaceae elaeagnaceae equisetaceae ericaceae euphorbiaceae fabaceaed fabaceae leguminosaed fagaceae frankeniaceae fumariaceae gentianaceae geraniaceae grossulariaceae guttiferaeo haloragaceaek haloragaceae haloragidaceaek haloragidaceaek hippuridaceae hydrocharitaceae hydrophyllaceae hypericaceaeo hypericaceae guttiferaeo iridaceae isoetaceae juncaceae juncaginaceae labiataet lamiaceaet lamiaceae labiataet dVeQdR 6/10/2004 ALTERNATIVES AUTHOR COMMENTS COMMON LIST COMMON NAME DESCRIPTION FAMILY FAMILY ABOUT FAMILY LIST FAMILYNUM G PER F INFORMAL GENERA GENERA PER FAMILY GGENERA IMAGE 1 IMAGE 2 IMAGE 3 LINK 1 LINK 2 LINK 3 OTHER COMMON FABACEAE / LEGUMINOSAE (Legume, Pea or Bean Family) Herbs, vines, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, simple or more eften at least once compound; stipules usually well developed and persistent, membranous or green, free or partially fused with the base of the petiole, some of the leaflets occasionally subtended by small secondary stipules. Flowers usually bisexual, bilaterally symmetrical to nearly radially symmetrical, in terminal or axillary, generally bracteate panicles, racemes, sp ikes, clusters or heads, rarely solitary; sepals 5, in most genera fused to some degree; corolla arising at the rim of a short to obsolete floral tube, generall composed of 5 free or partially fused petals, in the subfamily Papilionoideae (most of ours) termed "papilionaceous" with the uppermost petal (banner) usually the largest, the 2 lateral petals (wings) clawed at the base and free or lightly fused at the tips, the 2 lower petals partially fused, forming a boat-shaped structure (keel) rity; present almost everywhere, including here. Photo 3 shows flower of Astragalus: large banner rises above a pair of white wings, between which is the keel. This is actually a pair of petals partly joined and wrapped around the stamens. These are mostly fused along their filaments (stalks). ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Armed or unarmed, annual to perennial herbs, shrubs, trees, or sometimes vines. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite; stipules usually present, partially to completely fused with the petiole or free and often readily deciduous, leaving a scar. Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual, radially symmetrical, perigynous to epigynous or rarely hypogynous, solitary or in clusters; floral tube (hypanthium) flat or saucer-shaped to tubular, commonly lined with a glandular disc, the sepals, petals, and stamens arising at or near the summit; sepals 5 (4-10), free or partially fused, alternating with bractlets in all of our herbaceous species except Sanguisorba; petals 5 (4-10), rarely lacking or numerous through "doubling"; stamens 1-numerous, free; pistils 1-many, simple or compound, the ovary superior or partially to completely inferior, 1-5-chambered, the styles 1-5, free or rarely fused. Fruit a follicle, pome, drupe, drupelet, or achene, sometimes the a Iris FamilyQ Iris FamilyS Sisyrinchium U"Flag Fleur-de-Lis Blue-eyed Grass ISOETACEAEB ISOETACEAE (Quillwort Family) Submerged, amphibious, or terrestrial perennials, stems reduced to a very short, 2- or 3-lobed, subterranean, cormlike structure with slender fibrous roots. Leaves (sporophylls) clustered at the summit of the rootstock, the outermost blades often sterile, the next whorl with a megasporangium embedded in each leaf base and partially covered (ours) by a thin liplike margin (velum), the next inner whorl with microsporangia similarly situated in the leaf basesBS, the innermost blades with rudimentary sporangia, or rarely the plants dioecious. Quillwort FamilyQ Quillwort FamilyS Isoetes Quillwort Merlin's Grass 2A JUNCACEAEB e, seeds few to many.C A ACERACEAEB ACERACEAE (Maple family) Polygamous or dioecious shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple and palmately lobed or ternately to pinnately compound, stipules lacking. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, radially symmetrical, in terminal or axillary racemes, corymbs, or panicles; sepals (4) 5, free or united at the base, the lobes overlapping; petals (4) 5 or lacking; stamens 4-12, arising at the inner or outer edge of a lobed disc or the disc sometimes obsolete; pistil 1; ovary superior, usuallB y 2-lobed and 2-chambered; styles 2, arising between the lobes. Fruit a double samara, splitting into halves at maturity, each portion laterally winged; seeds (1) 2 per chamber. Maple Family AIZOACEAE MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE 0A IRIDACEAEB FamilyF AuthorH DescriptionJ Common NameL CommentsN AlternativesO%Families of the Central Wasatch FrontP CARD LAYOUTQ CLOSE FILER QUITS FINDU Family list Other common are all needle-like. There are no true flowers, but seeds are produced in cones, with male and female cones being carried on the same tree. Casually, it is common for any of our conifers (except Juniper) to be referred to as "pine". What are the consistent differences? Pines carry their needles on little side spurs, in bundles of 2-5 with a papery sheath around the bottom. Occasional species have just 1, but still with a sheath. Spruces have square needles, spirally arranged a 5round the twigs. Cones hang down. Firs have flattened needles. Although they are attached in a spiral, they often twist to make the whole look flattened. Cones stick up, very dense and sticky. Douglas Fir also has flattened needles, but the cones hang down, and have a spine at the end of each scale. AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth / Pigweed family) Herbs or rarely subshrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, entire or nearly so. Flowers minute, apetalous, unisexual or bisexual, in small axillary clusters or densely crowded in simple or compound spikes or racemes, each flower or flower cluster subtended by 2-several, herbaceous to membranous bracts; sepals 1-5, generally membranous, at least in part, free or fused at the base; stamens 1-5, opposite the sepals; pistil 1, the ovary superB ior and 1-chambered, the styles 1-5, occasionally fused at the base. Fruit a 1-seeded, usually membranous, circumscissile capsule, rarely dehiscing irregularly or indehiscent and a utricle Amaranth Family numerous, free, the ovary superior, 1-chambered, the style often persistent and beaklike on the fruit. Fruit of achenes borne on the receptacle in a ring or in a globose headlike cluster, or the fruit dehiscent and wi an involucre of bracts and the pedicels by an involucel of bractlets; calyx teeth 5 or lacking; petals 5, free; stamens 5, arising alternately with the petals at the margin of an epigynous disc; ovary inferior, 2-chambered, each chamber with a single ovule; styles 2, often swollen at the base to form a stylopodium. Fruit a schizocarp, splitting at maturity along a medial plane (commissure) into two 1-seeded, indehiscent segments (mericarps), revealing a slender wirelike structure (carpoph ore) to which the mericarps are apically attached, the carpophore entire to deeply bifid, or in some species its segments fused to the mericarps and evidently lacking; mericarps flattened parallel with the commissure and the fruit dehiscing along the margins, or flattened at right angles to the commissure and the fruit dehiscing down the center, each mericarp typically 5-nerved or ribbed with one or more vertical oil tubes (visible in cross section) between the ribs and on the commissure. D ASTERACEAE / COMPOSITAE (Composite, Sunflower or Daisy Family) Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or compound; stipules lacking. Individual flowers small, arranged in usually conspicuous heads consisting of 1 (rarely) to several hundred flowers produced on a common receptacle, in many species each flower subtended by a bract, bristle, or by hairs arising from the receptacle, the head itself encircled at the base by an involucre composed of 1- several series of involuc ral bracts, the whole supported by a peduncle. Flowers commonly of two kinds: (1) ray flowers with a short tubular corolla terminating in a flat, usually strap-shaped limb (ray), these generally conspicuous and often forming the outermost series on the receptacle, (2) disc flowers with a tubular corolla and a 5-lobed limb, these filling the center of the head, or the head composed entirely of ray or disc flowers; flowers bisexual or unisexual, fertile or sterile; sepals lacking or represen 0-013 FamilyB A FamilyNumB AuthorB DescriptionB Common NameB CommentsB AlternativesB Family listB Family aboutB Common ListB Link 1B Link 2B CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) Trees, shrubs, woody vines, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite (ours) stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially or bilaterally symmetrical,sympetalous; usually 4 or 5, mostly reduced to mere teeth or sometimes obsolete; corolla rotate salverform or 2-lipped, the tube in some species spurred or unilaterally pouched near the base, the limb (4)5-lobed; stamens (4)5, arising from the corolla tube and alternate with the lobes; pistil 1, the ovary inferior, B 1-3- or 5-chambered, each chamber with 1-many ovules, the style 1 or obsolete, the stigmas 1-3 or 5. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule; seeds l-several. Honeysuckle Family 106-002M 089-002Q Honeysuckle FamilyS!Lonicera Sambucus Symphoricarpos GENTIANACEAE (Gentian Family) Annual or perennial, usually glabrous herbs; stems often angled and occasionally narrowly winged. Leaves simple and entire, opposite or whorled (rarely alternate), sessile and often somewhat fused at the base or occasionally petioled; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual (ours), radially symmetcical, 4- or 5(6-12)-erous, terminal or axillary, solitary or more often in simple or compound cymes; calyx more or less deeply lobed, rarely merely toothed to irregula rly cleft; corolla sympetalous, rotate to bell-shaped or salverform, in some species pleated in the sinuses, the lobes often bearing conspicuous nectary glands or fringed appendages near the base or at the throat; stamens mostly 4 or 5, arising from the corolla tube and alternate with the corolla lobes; pistil 1, the ovary sessile or stipitate, superior and 1-chambered with 1 elongate to obsolete style, the 2 stigmas often expanded, sometimes recurved in the same direction and appearing so Pro 3.0F! Pro 5.0 - 6.0M1 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday January February March April August September October November December 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter Inspect Startup Genera get Genera per Family HD:Desktop Folder:Wasatch Windows:Wasatch Genera.fm MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Genera.fm RPTHA Wasatch Genera.fm Goosefoot FamilyS|Allenrolfea Atriplex Bassia Chenopodium Corispermum Eurotia Halogeton Kochia Monolepis Salicornia Salsola Sarcobatus Suaeda Iodine Bush Saltbush Smotherweed Goosefoot Bugseed Winterfat Halogeton Summer Cypress Poverty Weed Pickleweed Samphire Glasswort Russian Thistle Greasewood Seepweed Inkweed CONVOLVULACEAEB CONVOLVULACEAE (Dodder Family) Annual or perennial herbs, vines, shrubs, or small trees, often with milky juice. Leaves alternate and simple, stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, usually 5-merous, sympetalous, solitary and axillary or in terminal cymes; bracts usually subtending the calyx, sometimes forming an involucre; sepals free or basally fused; corolla generally funnelform to salverform; stamens 5, epipetalous; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 2 (1-5)-chambereB d with 1 or 2 styles and subglobose to elongate stigmas. Fruit usually a capsule, but sometimes indehiscent or fleshy, 1-4 (10)-seeded. the ovary), often toothed or lobed, and in some species appendaged; stamens 3-10, the anthers often red-purple, pistil 1, the ovary sessile or borne on a short, often stout stipe, superior and 1-(2-5)-chambered with (1)2-5 styles. Fruit a capsule, circumscissile or more often dehiscent from the apex (ours) by 2-5 entire or apically bifid valves (2-10 teeth); seeds few to numerous, subglobose to kidney-shaped, nearly smooth to papillose in regular concentric rows. The pink family is the soCaurce of a large number of ornamental plants including sweet william carnation and baby's-breath. Pink Family ecially noticeable in the large context. ile or more often dehiscent from the apex (ours) by 2-5 entire or apically bifid valves (2-10 teeth); seeds few to numerous, subglobose to kidney-shaped, nearly smooth to papillose in regular concentric rows. The pink family is the so mooth or reticulate to somewhat tuberculate. The caper, used as a condiment, is the pickled flower bud of Capparis spinosa L., a Mediterranean shrub. Caper Family The Caper family is a large one (45 genera, 800 species, mostly tropical), of significant economic value as a source of spices. Life style ranges from annual herbs to shrubs and trees. Leaves are typically compound, with 3-7 leaflets arranged palmately, like a hand. In many ways they resemble the Mustard family: flowers have 4 separate petals, usually 6 stamens; seeds are carried in a pod with 2 chambers that separate away from a central partition. The resemblances go beyond mere surfaces le; seeds few to many, compressed, orbicular or ovate to kidney-shaped, smooth or reticulate to somewhat tuberculate. The ca Hornwort FamilyF The spurge family includes many ornamental plants, among them poinsettia and the castor oil plant, both of which contain toxic principles. There is a single genus in the Hornwort family of aquatic plants, and that contains only six species. Our local representative is the Horned Pondweed - not surprisingly, because it is found almost everywhere there is fresh flowing water. Hornwort FamilyS Ceratophyllum Hornwort Coontail CHENOPODIACEAEB te flowers with 8-20 stamens, the filaments short, the anthers obscurely 2-celled and minutely bristle-tipped at the apex; pistillate flowers consisting of a solitary pistil with a superior, 1-chambered ovary. Fruit a hardened, smooth or tuberculate achene, the persistent style spinelike. , smooth Arrowgrass FamilyQ Arrowgrass FamilyS Triglochin Arrowgrass LAMIACEAE LABIATAE LAMIACEAE / LABIATAE (Mint Family) Annual to perennial herbs, shrubs, or rarely small trees; stems generally 4-angled; herbage frequently glandular and aromatic. Leaves opposite, simple (ours) or rarely pinnately compound; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, bilaterally or occasionally nearly radially symmetrical, sympetalous, solitary or more frequently in compact, modified cymes in the axils of bracts or leaves (commonly appearing whorled); sepals fused to form a (4)5(10)-toothed, some, the style 1 or rarely lacking, entire or 2(4)-cleft at the apex, arising from the summit of the ovary or more often from the ventral surface of the lobes and appearing to be a prolongation of the receptacle (gynobase). Fruit o Flowers inconspicuous, bisexual or unisexual, mostly radially symmetrical, apetalous, solitary or clustered in axils of leaves or leaflike b racts, or in bracteate or ebracteate, terminal or axillary spikes or panicles, sometimes sunken in depressions in fleshy stems; sepals 5 (1-6), fused, at least near the base, or occasionally free, usually greenish, sometimes fleshy or becoming membranous, the calyx commonly persistent around the fruit, in Monolepis usually reduced to a mere scale or lacking entirely, in Atriplex the pistillate flowers naked and subtended by 2 opposing bracts; stamens 1-5; pistil 1, the ovary superior or ra ercul ly, with 3000 species in 150 genera. By far the largest of these is the Nightshade (Solanum) genus with 1400 species. Although many, or even most, of the family members contain very toxic chemicals, these are frequently neutralized by the time fruit is ripe. Tomatoes, potatoes and egg plants are all important food crops. The plants are annual to perennial, herbs to shrubs, sometimes prickly. Leaves are alternate. FloweB5rs are almost always radially symmetrical and 5-lobed E)Nightshade or Potato Family Potato Family Selaginella SOLANACEAEB lawnI daisyI layia lettuce leucelene lewisia liceL licoriced lilac lilyv littleI little gentianh little polecat little sunflowerI lloydia locoweed locust loosestrife lotus lousewort lovage lovegrass loverU lupine mahogany maidenI maidenhair maidenhair malcolmia mallow mannagrass manzanita maple mare'sl mare's taill marigold mariposav mariposa lilyv marsh marsh marigold matchweed mayweed meadowrue merlin's grassq milkvetch milkweed milkwort miterwort monkshood monkshood wolfbane moonwort morningX morning gloryX mosquito mosquito motherwort mountainI mountain mountain dandelionI mountain loverU mountain mahogany mountain sorrel mouse mouse muhlygrass mulesears mustard bittercress blackberry bladder bladder bladderpod blazingy blazing stary bleedingheart blueM mustardM blue-eyedp blue-eyed grassp blue-eyed bluebells blueberry bluegrass orchid boneset borage bower bracken bramble bracken bracken bower bower bower broomrape cancer-root buckwheat buffaloberry bugleweed bugseed bulrush burdock bushW butterweed cactusN california california poppy camas campionT campion catchflyT canary canary grass cancer-root caraway carrot cat'sL cat's catchfly catchweed centaury chamomile chamomile dogfennelI checkermallow chess chickweed chicory chrysanthemum cicelyF cliffbrake clover cocklebur collomia columbine coneflower coontail coral coral cordgrass 0.5-2.8\ 1-10K 1-12\ selfheal serviceberry shepherd'sM shepherd's purseM shield shield shinleaf shooting shooting sibbaldia sisymbrium skeletonweed slipper smartweed smelowskia smilacina smotherweed sneezeweed snowberry soapwort sorghum sorrel sowthistle speedwell sphaeromeria spiderR spider flowerR spike spike primrose spikemoss spikerush spleenwort sprangletop springbeauty springparsley spruce spurge squirreltail john's worto stary starwortO stickseed stone-fruits stonecrop stoneseed storksbill strawberry sumac summerW summer cypressW sumpweed sunflower sweetF sweet alyssumM sweet cicelyF sweet william sweetclover sweetpea sweetroot sweetvetch swertia taill oatgrass tamarisk tansyM tansy mustardM Valerian FamilyS Plectritis Valeriana U Plectritis Valerian Centranthus VERBENACEAEB VERBENACEAE (Verbena or Vervain Family) Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or sometimes trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, simple or occasionally compound; stipules lacking. Flowers usually bisexual, bilaterally or less often radially symmetrical, sympetalous, arranged in bracteate spikes, racemes, or panicles; calyx (2) 4- or 5-lobed; corolla 4- or 5-lobed, usually unequally so; stamens 4 (2-5), didynamous, epipetalous; pistil 1, the ovary superior, entire or lightlyB^ 2-4-grooved at flowering, the style 1, with 1 or 2 stigmas. Fruit of 2-4 nutlets or a drupe. E(Verbena or Vervain Family Vervain Family modified, winged or plumose calyx lobes. Valerian Family b-shaped brac YThe family Brassicaceae includes many species cultivated as food crops, among them the many varieties of Brassica oleracea L. (kale, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower); B napobrassica Mill. (rutabaga), B. hirta Moench (mustard), B. rapa L. (turnip), Raphanus sativus L. (radish), and Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress). Cruciferae The Mustard Family is large and complicated, with over 400 genera and 4,000 species, depending where one makes the divisions. A lot of work is presently going into a detailed analysis: some would bring the Caper family (including our Cleome) into the mustards, while others keep them separate, but in a new family of their own. This is the largest family in which the typical number of petals is 4 (also Evening Primrose, Pink and part of the Figwort families). So that is a good starting poin E(Mustard or Cabbage Family Cabbage Family the membranous replum E/Harebell or Bellflower Family Bellflower Family kThis monogeneric family is often included in Convolvulaceae but differs from other members of that family in basic chromosome number, in lacking internal phloem, and in having a parasitic habit, scalelike leaves, small, usually scale-appendaged, fleshy corollas, small non-mucilaginous seeds with spiralled rather than curved embryos, and much reduced cotyledons. The Bellflower family is of worldwide distribution, consisting of about 70 genera and 2000 species, mostly of herbs, but with occasional shrubs. The name (in both Latin and English) is perfectly descriptive for some of the plants, but not others. So clear cut is the distinction that the family would be split into two except that there are some African plants that act as the "missing link". The Campanula subfamily has classic symmetrical bell-shaped flowers, familiar from many cultivated ted, winged or wingless. -12 stigmas. Fruit a many- or perennial, monoecious (ours) herbs; stems tufted, slender, usually lax. Leaves simple and entire, opposite (rarely whorled) linear and 1-nerved, or in some species the upper leaves broader, 3-5-nerved, and in rosettes at the ends of branches; stipules lacking. Flowers minute, generally unisexual, the staminate 1-3, the pistillate usually solitary, both forms axillary and in some species subtended by a pair of oblon g to obliquely oval, sometimes inflated, membranous bractlets; perianth lacking; the staminate flower consisting of a single anther on a slender filament, the pistillate of a single pistil with a superior, deeply 4-lobed ovary and 2 threadlike styles, the stigmas entire, not expanded. Fruit a compressed, 4-lobed schizocarp, ultimately separating into 4 (fewer by abortion) mericarps, these 1-seeded, flattened, minutely pitted, winged or wingless. -12 stigmas. Fruit a many- 023-022L 004-022M 009-036Q Borage FamilyS|Amsinckia Anchusa Asperugo Borago Cryptantha Cynoglossum Hackelia Heliotropium Lappula Lithospermum Mertensia Plagiobothrys Fiddleneck Anchusa Catchweed Borage Cryptanth Cat's Eye Hound's Tongue Beggar's Lice Tickweed Wild Forget-Me-Not Heliotrope Stickseed Stoneseed Gromwell Puccoon Bluebells Popcorn Flower BRASSICACEAE CRUCIFERAE illose in regular concentric rows. The pink family is the soCaurce of a large number of ornamental plants including sweet william carnation and baby's-breath. Pink Family Honeysuckle Family he petals; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1-chambered, generally stipitate. Fruit indehiscent or (ours) a 2-valved, 1-chambered, generally stipitate capsule; seeds few to many, compressed, orbicular or ovate to kidney-shaped, smooth U,Honeysuckle Elderberry Snowberry Twinflower CARYOPHYLLACEAEB CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family) Annual to perennial herbs, in a few species woody-based; stems often swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled or alternate, simple and entire; stipules present in some species. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, radially symmetrical, occasionally solitary and axillary but more often in compact to open bracteate cymes; sepals (4)5, free or fused to form a tube; petals (4)5 or sometimes lacking, free (in a few species fused only around the stipe of the stigmas 1-3 or 5. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule; seeds l-several. Honeysuckle Family he petals; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1-chambered, generally stipitate. Fruit indehiscent or (ours) a 2-valved, 1-chambered, generally stipitate capsule; seeds few to many, compressed, orbicular or ovate to kidney-shaped, smooth ed to the Milkweed family (ASCLEPIADACEAE). One genus Apocynum is native to our area, while the widely grown Periwinkles (Vinca) sometimes escape and become naturalized. Dogbane FamilyS Apocynum Vinca Dogbane Periwinkle Myrtle ASCLEPIADACEAEB ASCLEPIADACEAE (Milkweed Family) Perennial herbs, vines, shrubs, or small trees, usually with milky juice. Leaves simple, generally entire, opposite or whorled, rarely alternate; stipules lacking or minute and soon deciduous. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, commonly 5-merous, sympetalous, usually in an umbellate inflorescence; sepals free or partially united; corolla funnelform to rotate, often reflexed from near the base, the corolla tube with an internal appendage (commonly ca ble in cross section) between the ribs and on the commissure. D cactaceae callitrichaceae campanulaceae cannabaceae cannabinaceae capparaceae capparidaceae caprifoliaceae caryophyllaceae celastraceae ceratophyllaceae chenopodiaceae compositae convolvulaceae cornaceae crassulaceae cruciferae cucurbitaceae cupressaceae cuscutaceae cyperaceae dipsacaceae elaeagnaceae equisetaceae ericaceae euphorbiaceae fabaceae fagaceae frankeniaceae fumariaceae gentianaceae geraniaceae gramineae grossulariaceae guttiferae haloragaceae haloragidaceae hippocastanaceae hippuridaceae hydrocharitaceae hydrophyllaceae hypericaceae iridaceae isoetaceae juncaceae juncaginaceae labiatae lamiaceae leguminosae nosae uminosae minosae leguminosae leguminosae leguminosae ataet iataet labiataet labiataet h flower are modified into a ring of slender bristles or scales, called the pappus. This becomes the various plumes and fluff that assist in seed dispersal. Hundreds of individual flowers may be grouped together in a single head to form a large flamboyant structure. Flowers at the edge of the array often are modified by having some of their petal lobes extend into the "rays" typical of the daisies and sunflowers. Those without the extension are called "disk" flowers. Overall the head may then resemble a single large flower with many "petals". Surrounding the tightly bunched flowers is usually a multi-layer ring of bracts which superficially may appear like a ring of sepals. Most composites have both kinds of flower (Photo 1, Sunflower), some have only disk flowers (Photo 2, thistle), and others only ray flowers (Photo 3, dandelion). The family is renowned for its horticultural importance; few are used for food (lettuce sunflower, artichoke). 085-002L 033-007M 020-013 ually solitary; sepals 2 or 3, generally free, falling away as the flower opens; petals free, 4 or 6, rarely more numerous or lacking; stamens usually numerous, free; pistil 1, the 2-several carpels sometimes free or loosely united, the ovary superior, 1-chamberB ed or rarely incompletely many-chambered, the style 1 or frequently lacking, the stigma entire or 2-many-lobed. Fruit a capsule, opening by valves or subterminal pores; seeds generally numerous. Poppy Family Broomrape FamilyS Orobanche OXALIDACEAEB bed stigma. Fruit a capsule; seeds numerous, minute. ds minute, very n The Evening Primrose family has about 17 genera and 675 species of herbs. These are most diverse in the Americas, especially in the western U.S. A feature they have in common with the Mustard family is that the flowers have 4 separate petals, usually in a symmetrical cross pattern (Photo 1). Otherwise they are not considered closely related. A major difference is that the petals and sepals grow above the ovary, and may sometimes be seen adhering to the fruit, usually a 4-parted capsule (Ph oto 3). Our most prominent genus is the Willowherb/Fireweed (Epilobium), some of which are familiar showy plants (Photo 2), while others are easily missed. This large genus contains plants that do not properly belong together, and is being split. Other genera include Clarkia, and Evening Primrose (Oenothera), both of which contain ornamentals. Variations seen in an Evening Primrose were important in reigniting interest in Mendel's work on genetics, which helped bring Darwin's theory of e Mustard or Cabbage Family MAlyssum Arabidopsis Arabis Barbarea Brassica Camelina Capsella Cardamine Cardaria Chlorocrambe Chorispora Conringia Descurainia Diplotaxis Draba Erysimum Euclidium Hesperis Hutchinsia Isatis Lepidium Lesquerella Lobularia Lunaria Malcolmia Nasturtium Physaria Raphanus Rorippa Sisymbrium Smelowskia Streptanthus Thelypodium Thlaspi Alyssum Arabidopsis Rockcress Wintercress Mustard False Flax Shepherd's Purse Bittercress Whitetop Mountain Mustard Blue Mustard Hare's Ear Tansy Mustard Wallrocket Whitlow Grass Wallflower Euclidium Rocket Hutchinsia s Woad Peppergrass Pepperweed Bladderpod Sweet Alyssum Moonwort Malcolmia Watercress Twinpod Radish Yellowcress Sisymbrium Smelowskia Twistflower Thelypodium Pennycress A CACTACEAEB or, divided into 2 chambers by a membranous false septum (replum) formed by the union of vestigial carpels, or 1-chambered in Isatis; style 1, occasionally lacking, the stigma enti cymoseB cyperaceae^ cyperaceae sedge family^ cypress\ daisyI darkr deciduousC deeplyF degreeL dehiscence{ dehiscentC dehiscingD dense denselyD depressionsW describedI description descriptionsi developedd developing diadelphousd dichotomouslyV didynamous differQ difference different differentiatedu differing digiitalis dilatedi dimorphica dioeciousA CERATOPHYLLACEAE (Hornwort Family) Aquatic rootless herbs, submerged or free-floating, monoecious or less often dioecious; stems slender, brittle to flexuous, sparingly to densely branched. Leaves whorled, sessile, palmately or dichotomously dissected into threadlike to linear, minutely toothed segments, the whorls crowded toward the ends of the stems, the whole resembling the tail of a raccoon. Flowers minute, usually unisexual, the staminate and pistillate usually borne on separate no des, sessile or subsessile in leaf axils, each subtended by an 8-12-lobed involucre, a perianth lacking;. staninate flowers with 8-20 stamens, the filaments short, the anthers obscurely 2-celled and minutely bristle-tipped at the apex; pistillate flowers consisting of a solitary pistil with a superior, 1-chambered ovary. Fruit a hardened, smooth or tuberculate achene, the persistent style spinelike. HYDROCHARITACEAE (Frogbit Family) Aquatic, usually dioecious, perennial herbs of fresh or saline water, wholly submerged or the flowers floating, the roots anchored in mud or unattached and the plants floating. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite or whorled. Flowers mostly unisexual or rarely bisexual, radially symmetrical, axillary, sessile or peduncled, 1-several enclosed in a membranous spathe composed of 1-3 usually fused bracts, the flowers exserted from the spathe on slender ped icel-like floral tubes which often reach to the surface of the water or, if sessile, the flowers soon deciduous and floating to the surface; perianth in 1 or 2 series, each consisting of 3 free segments; the staminate flowers 1-several per spathe, the stamens (1)3-9(12) with anthers 2-celled; pistillate flowers 1 per spathe, the ovary inferior and 1-chambered, the 3-6 styles entire or 2- or 3-branched. Fruit dry or pulpy, linear to globose, indehiscent or rupturing irregularly; seeds few t Sedge Family The Sedge family is very important forage for wildlife. There are 4500 species worldwide, classified into over 100 genera. They frequently occur in damp or wet places, but not always. The Sedge genus Carex alone has 2000 species. Other large genera that have local representatives include Cyperus (Flatsedge), Eleocharis (Spikerush), and Scirpus (Bulrush). "Sedges have Edges" is a good mnemonic, applicable to the whole family. Overall there are many similarities to grasses, but stems are soin heads, racemes, or panicles, occasionilly solitary, perianth lacking or represented by 1-many bristles, in Carex the pistillate flowers enclosed in a saclike structure (perigynium); stamens (1) 3; ovary superior and 1-chambered, the style 1 with 2 or 3 (4) stigmas. Fruit an achene, lenticular or 3 (4)-angled in accordance with the number of styles. The Legume family is the third largest (630 genera, 18,000 species), with only Sunflower and Grass families being larger. They occur all over the world. Characteristically they have compound leaves, mostly feather-type, and seed pods of a particular type ("legume"). However, these characters by themselves don't define the family members - there are exceptions both ways round. Immense economic importance for food, drugs and ornamentals, also for enriching soils with nitrogen. Many are very toxic, e.g. some, but not all, Astragalus. Within the Legumes are three quite distinctive groups, sometimes listed as separate families: Mimosa-type trees/shrubs; feathery leaves; petals insignificant; masses of showy stamens give bottlebrush effect. None native here. Acacia, Mimosa worldwide. Caesalpinia-type trees/shrubs; feathery leaves; petals showy; stamens showy. None native here, a few in Utah. Caesalpinia, Senna. Bean-type herbs to trees; leaves varied; petals showy; stamens us keel) waterC waterfern waterleafn waternymph} waters wateryN waxyG weaklyZ well[ well-developedy wetlandk whenH whichF whiteC wholeH whollyk whorlC whorledB whorlsC wideM williamT willow wind-dispersed wing-marginedM wingedA winglessO wingsH wintergreen wirelikeF withC CUCURBITACEAE (Gourd Family) Annual or perennial, monoecious or rarely dioecious herbs; stems trailing or climbing, often by means of tendrils. Leaves alternate, simple, oftem palmately or pinnately lobed. Flowers unisexual, radially symmetrical, 5(4-8)-merous, the staminate flowers in axillary racemes or panicles, the pistillate flowers 1 or 2 in the leaf axils; sepals usually fused at the base; petals fused to some degree; stamens 1-5 but usually 3, two with 2-celled anthers and 1 wit h a 1-celled anther; pistil 1, the ovary inferior and 1-chambered, the style 1(3). Fruit usually a berry, sometimes large with a spongy interior and a leathery rind (pepo). Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber) and Cucurbita pepo L. are among the better known members of this family, the numerous varieties of the latter including vegetable marrow, and many types of squashes as well as ornamental gourds. he genus Cuscuta within the family Convolvulaceae (see comment under Cuscutaceae). CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family) Herbs, shrubs, or rarely small trees, some species monoecious or dioecious; herbage sometimes succulent, in some species mealy to scurfy with minute, grayish or yellowish, inflated to ultimately collapsed, globose to scalelike cells. Leaves generally alternate, simple, sometimes reduced to scales; stipules lacking. Flowers inconspicuous, bisexual or unisexual, mostly radially symmetrical, apetalous, solitary or clustered in axils of leaves or leaflike b racts, or in bracteate or ebracteate, terminal or axillary spikes or panicles, sometimes sunken in depressions in fleshy stems; sepals 5 (1-6), fused, at least near the base, or occasionally free, usually greenish, sometimes fleshy or becoming membranous, the calyx commonly persistent around the fruit, in Monolepis usually reduced to a mere scale or lacking entirely, in Atriplex the pistillate flowers naked and subtended by 2 opposing bracts; stamens 1-5; pistil 1, the ovary superior or ra S&Calystegia Convolvulus Cressa Cuscuta U6Morning Glory Bindweed Wild Morning Glory Alkali Weed A CORNACEAEB CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves deciduous or occasionally evergreen, opposite or rarely alternate, simple; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual or less often unisexual, radially symmetrical, small, generally in terminal cymes or panicles, sepals 4 or 5, free, inconspicuous or obsolete; petals 4 or 5(12); pistil 1, the ovary inferior and 1-4-chambered, the styles 1 or 2, each with an entire stigma. Fruit a 1- or 2-seeded drupe, rarely a berry. Dogwood Family in a small capsule. They are sparsely represented here. We have a single inconspicuous native Alkali Weed (Cressa truxillensis), an occasional Hedge Bindweed (Calystegia sepium), and the ubiquitous Field Bindweed (ConvolvulusB arvensis). g Glory Family cutaceae). Horsetail Family The Horsetail family is relatively humble now, but some of their ancient relatives grew to 60 feet tall in the Carboniferous Period. There are just 15 species worldwide in a single genus (Equisetum), none in Australia and New Zealand. No flowers are present, but the plants reproduce by spores, which are produced in little "cones" at the tips of stems. They also spread by underground stems (rhizomes). This part of the plants is perennial, but above ground stems die back to the ground in BBsome species, while remaining alive through the winter in others. Horsetail FamilyS Equisetum Horsetail Scouring Rush "A ERICACEAEB onal caps and closely spaced around a central axis to form 2 terminal conelike structure (strobilus). scent nectaryR needlelike\ neighboringH nervesC nettle nextq nightshade nodea nodesT non-green| none~ nongreen normally notched{ nourishment] numberE numerousB nutletK nutletsL nutlike nutse nyctaginaceae~ nyctaginaceae four-o'clock family~ oblanceolate obliquelyO oblongM obovoid obscurelyV obsoleteA obtaining] 081-012M 081-004Q"Cypress, Juniper or Conifer FamilyS Juniperus Juniper CUSCUTACEAEB CUSCUTACEAE (Dodder Family) Annual or perennial parasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll and rootless except as seedlings; stems threadlike, orange or yellow, turning brown, twining on and obtaining nourishment from hosts by means of haustoria (suckerlike attachment and extraction organs). Leaves reduced to minute scales. Flowers small (ours 2-6 mm long), bisexual, radially symmetrical, 3-5-merous, sympetalous sessile or short-pedicelled in cymose clusters of variable size; sepals fused at t otable genera include Cypress, Juniper, Arbor-Vitae, Sequoia, Hemlock. Only Juniper is native to our area, with three species locally. In our region "Cedar" in place names refers to Juniper rather than true Cedars which are members of the Pine family. 081-003 CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family) Grasslike, mostly perennial herbs from fibrous roots and often rhizomes; stems usually solid, 3-angled or occasionally terete, generally unbranched below the inflorescence. Leaves alternate, mostly 3-ranked, the basal portion forming a closed (rarely open) sheath around the stem, the blades narrowly elongate or in some species greatly reduced or lacking. Flowers bisexual or unisexual (the plants then monoecious or less often dioecious), sessile or rarely subses sile, each subtended by a small, more or less membranous bract (scale) and arranged in spikes or spikelets, these variously disposed in heads, racemes, or panicles, occasionilly solitary, perianth lacking or represented by 1-many bristles, in Carex the pistillate flowers enclosed in a saclike structure (perigynium); stamens (1) 3; ovary superior and 1-chambered, the style 1 with 2 or 3 (4) stigmas. Fruit an achene, lenticular or 3 (4)-angled in accordance with the number of styles. The Teasel family is a fairly small one with 10 genera and about 300 species. Teasel (Dipsacus) itself is a common weed, and Scabious (Scabiosa) is a genus of ornamentals that occasionally naturalize. Many botanists regard the family as part of the Honeysuckle family, though they appear unrelated to the untrained eye. Small flowers are organized into a dense head, somewhat reminiscent of a Composite. 005-011L 008-027Q Teasel FamilyS Dipsacus Teasel ELAEAGNACEAEB Teasel Family a. Fruit an achene. Teasel Family styles. largeG largely| larger| largestd lateralH laterallyA latter[ lawrencel leafR leafletsF leaflikeW leafy-bracteate leafy-stemmedv leastD leatheryN leavesA leaving legumed leguminosaed lemma lemnaceaeu lemnaceae duckweed familyu lengthf lengthwised lens-shaped lid, 3-sided, covered with overlapping V-shaped leaves. The definitive features, though, have to do with structure of the seed and its coverings. Differences among genera are relatively easy to sort out with a magnifier, but identification of species (especially of Carex) requires a microscope. This will not be attempted here - use technical keys if needed. Individual species of Carex will not normally be described. Those needing more information should consult Volume 6 of "Intermountain C[Flora" by Cronquist et al., which includes superb line drawings to illustrate all species. these variously disposed in heads, racemes, or panicles, occasionilly solitary, perianth lacking or represented by 1-many bristles, in Carex the pistillate flowers enclosed in a saclike structure (perigynium); stamens (1) 3; ovary superior and 1-chambered, the style 1 with 2 or 3 (4) stigmas. Fruit an achene, lenticular or 3 (4)-angled in accordance with the number of styles. Campanula Downingia Harebell Bellflower Downingia CANNABACEAE CANNABINACEAE CANNABACEAE / CANNABINACEAE (Hemp Family) Annual or perennial herbs, usually dioecious. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple and palmately lobed or palmately compound; stipules persistent. Flowers unisexual, radially symmetrical, apetalous, 5-merous; staminate flowers pedicelled, with free sepals and 5 stamens; pistillate flowers sessile, the sepals fused and closely investing the solitary superior ovary, the styles 2. Fruit an achene enclosed in the persistent calyx, the whole covered B by an accrescent bract. The few species in this family are sometimes included in Moraceae but differ from other members of that family in having watery rather than milky sap and in the arrangement of the flowers on the receptacle. 047-024L 083-032M 022-007Q Legume, Pea or Bean FamilyShAstragalus Glycyrrhiza Hedysarum Lathyrus Lupinus Medicago Melilotus Oxytropis Psoralea Trifolium Vicia Locoweed Milkvetch Wild Licorice Sweetvetch Sweetpea Peavine Lupine Medick Sweetclover Crazyweed Scurfpea Clover Vetch Bird's-foot Trefoil Lotus Sainfoin Locust FAGACEAEB FAGACEAE (Beech or Oak Family) Monoecious trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen or deciduous, alternate simple; stipules inconspicuous, mostly deciduous. Flowers small, unisexual, apetaious; staminate flowers ln erect to drooping, usually bracteate spikes or (ours) catkins, the calyx 4-7-lobed, the stamens 4-20; pistillate flowers 1-3, subtended by an involucre of scalelike or ultimately hardened, sometimes spiny bracts, these more or less fused to form a cuplike structure which partially o lateral petals (wings) clawed at the base and free or lightly fused at the tips, the 2 lower petals partially fused, forming a boat-shaped structure (keel) The Poppy family contains annual or perenial herbs, often with milky juice. Leaves vary in the degree to which they are lobed or subdivided, and whether they are alternate or opposite. Depending on how broadly the family is defined it contains a few hundred species or more than twice that many (see below). Petals range from 4-12, and can be of various colors, often rich. The true poppies (Papaver) are represented locally only by the flamboyant Oriental Poppy which sometimes escapes from Ocultivation. California Poppy is another non-native that is used for roadside plantings and easily wanders. Our only native is the beautiful Prickly Poppy which adorns dry roadsides. On technical arguments incomprehensible to the layman the Fumitory family (which is larger numerically) is sometimes included within the Poppy family. Woodsorrel FamilyS Oxalis PAPAVERACEAEB , very n =r completely encloses the fruit, the calyx 4-8-lobed and adherent to the ovary, the pistil 1, with an inferior, 3-6-chambered ovary and 3-6 free styles. Fruit of 1-3 one-seeded nuts enclosed in a fused, burlike involucre or (ours) a solitary 1-seeded nut (acorn). closely invested at the base by a cuplike involucre. Beech or Oak Family Oak Family The Beech or Oak family has about 900 species in 9 genera. All are shrubs and/or trees, some of them truly magnificent. The family is restricted to the Northern Hemisphere; the Southern Hemisphere has a closely related family, the Nothofagaceae, again, some of them being magnificent trees. Half of the 900 species are Oak (Quercus), while relatively few are Beech (Fagus). However, because Fagus was officially named first, then the whole family is named after it. The flowers are separate ma EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family) Dioecious or monoecious herbs, shrubs, or trees, usually with milky juice. Leaves simple or compound, alternate, opposite, or whorled; stipules often present, in some species modified into glands or spines. Flowers unisexual, sometimes with a radially symmetrical perianth of 1 or 2 series, or (all of ours) the staminate and pistillate flowers lacking a perianth and borne in small clusters arising from a cuplike structure, each such structure with 1-many sta nminate flowers (the latter consisting of a single stamen) and a single pistillate flower consisting of a pistil with a stalked, superior, (1)3-chambered ovary with 3 free to partially fused styles. Fruit a capsule, often opening explosively; seeds 1(2) per chamber. Spurge Family Spurge FamilyS Euphorbia EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family) Annuals or rhizomatous perennials; stems annual or perennial, green, mostly stiffly erect, simple or with whorled branches, essentially hollow with a transverse partition at each node, the outer surface of the internodes grooved, sometimes the stems dimorphic, the fertile ones fleshy and brownish, the sterile ones firm and green. Leaves reduced to a ring of confluent scales forming sheaths at the nodes, each sheath segment terminating in a slender, long-t apered tooth, these often deciduous, the segment then appearing truncate. Spores chlorophyllous, spherical, each with 4 spirally wound bands that coil and straighten with changes in humidity, produced in 5-10 sporangia clustered around each of numerous spore-bearing stalks, these covered by polygonal caps and closely spaced around a central axis to form 2 terminal conelike structure (strobilus). le and female, borne on the same tree (monoecious). Beech and oak are both wind-pollinated, via inconspicuous flowers that often appear before the leaves. Not all members of the family use wind pollination, however, relying on smell to attract insects. Seeds are large nuts that rely on transportation by animals, and possibly water, for dispersal. Somewhat similar seeds are used by several other families that are grouped together in the next level of the classification hierarchy (the "order " Fagales). In the Beech/Oak family and the southern equivalent, Evergreen Beech, the seed is carried in a cup. We are very poorly off for members of this family, the Scrub Oak being our only representative. There are two or three others native to Utah, and no beeches. atively few are Beech (Fagus). However, because Fagus was officially named first, then the whole family is named after it. The flowers are separate ma cture (keel) Birch FamilyS Alnus Betula Alder Birch BORAGINACEAEB BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family) Annual or perennial herbs (ours), sometimes vines, shrubs or trees; herbage usually pubescent to some degree, the hairs often bristlelike, pungent, and pustulose-based. Leaves simple and alternate or rarely opposite to whorled, usually entire. Flowers bisexual, mostly radially symmetrical, sympetalous, usually borne in compact, tightly coiled clusters elongating to form racemes, spikes, or panicles, calyx 5-lobed or parted to the base; corolla 5-lobed, commo individual flower consisting of 0-4 sepals and 1 pistil, the sepals arising above the ovary and the ovary inferior or, in Alnus and Betula, the sepals obsolete and the ovary appearing superior, the stigmas 2. Fruit a nut or a nutlet, with or without wings. Birch Family Petradoria Psilocarphus Rudbeckia Senecio LIMNANTHACEAE (Meadowfoam Family) Low, fragile, usually glabrous annuals of mostly moist sites. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided or compound. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, 3-5(6)-merous, solitary on axillary peduncles; sepals fused at the base, persistent; petals free, white to yellowish or nearly pink; stamens equal in number to or twice as many as the petals; pistil 1, with 2-5 free superior ovaries, the 2-5 styles fused near the base. Fruit of 1-seeded tuberculate nutletB Meadowfoam FamilyQ Meadowfoam FamilyS Floerkea U Floerkea LINACEAEB Sego Lily Camas Glacier Lily / Dogtooth Violet Dogtooth Violet Fritillary Twisted-stalk False Hellebore Death Camas LIMNANTHACEAEB gma. Fruit a capsule or a berry, seeds 1-many. entire erect@ essentially family fertile flowering@ folded@ fruit@ funnelform geranium@ greenish@ head-shaped herbage@ heterosporous@ initially internodes@ l-several@ large@ leaves legume lenticular@ longitudinal@ monoecious@ nectary@ obtuseobtuseobtuseobtuse obtuseobtuseobtuseobtuseobtuseobtuseobtuse@ obtuse monoecious@ more@ nectary@ obtuse monoecious@ more@ nectary@ obtuseus@ more@ nectary@ obtusebtuse@ obtuseeary@ obtuses) termed "papilionaceous" with the uppermost petal (banner) usually the largest, the 2 lateral petals (wings) clawed at the base and free or lightly fused at the tips, the 2 lower petals partially fused, forming a boat-shaped structure (keel); stamens 1-numerous, the filaments free or fused, in m MARSILEACEAE (Pepperwort Family) Aquatic or semiaquatic, heterosporous plants. The sporophyte an herb with slender, horizontal, branched rhizomes; leaves arising from the nodes of the rhizomes; erect or floating, petioled and with 2-4 terminal, cloverlike leaflets, or threadlike throughout; sporocarps 1-several, arising from the rhizome or from the base of the leaf blade or the petiole, hard, globose to ellipsoid, subsessile or short-stalked, each longitudinally 2-chambered, the chambe rs with numerous transverse partitions, ultimately dehiscent by 2 valves; sori 2-many per sporocarp, the microspores minute and numerous, the megaspores larger and solitary in each sporangium. Gametophyte minute, non-green, largely contained within the megaspore wall. Pepperwort FamilyQ Pepperwort FamilyS Marsilea Pepperwort Water Clover NAJADACEAEB t of their length or entire an Water Starwort Family A<There is only the single species Callitriche in the family. Water Starwort FamilyS Callitriche Water Starwort CAMPANULACEAEB CAMPANULACEAE (Harebell or Bellflower Family) Herbs (ours) or rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite or whorled, simple and entire (ours) or rarely dissected. Flowers bisexual, sympetalous; sepals commonly 5(3-10); corolla 5-lobed, radially symmetrical and mostly bell-shaped or bilaterally symmetrical and tubular; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes, free or nearly so (ours); pistil 1, the ovary inferior or nearly so, 1-5(10)-chambered; the style 1 with 1-5 Bgstigmas. Fruit a few-many-seeded capsule (ours) opening by valves or pores or in some species a berry. wn hairlike bracts, these sometimes expanded above, each flower consisting of 2-5 stamens arising directly from the axis of the spike, the filaments free or united, the anthers linear, basifixed, soon falling, the often basally fused white filaments then resembling forked hairs or bristles, the pollen grains single or in tetrads; pistillate flowers persistent, each composed of a solitary ovary on a basally long-hairy stipe, borne in small clusters on relatively stout short pedicels, subten ded by slender club-shaped bracts or ebracteate, fertile flowers often intermixed with sterile ones, the former consisting of a stipitate, 1-chambered, 1-ovuled pistil with a linear style and a linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate stigma, the sterile flower consisting of a swollen, aborted ovary terminal on the stipe, the style and stigma obsolete. Fruit minute, dry, achenelike but ultimately dehiscent. HIPPURIDACEAE (Mare's Tail Family) Aquatic or semi-aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves simple, sessile and whorled, entire. Flowers minute, bisexual or sometimes unisexual (and then the plants monoecious or polygamous); perianth in a single whorl, fused throughout its length and united with the ovary; stamen 1; pistil 1, the ovary inferior, surrounded by and fused with the calyx, the style 1, stigmatic throughout its length. Fruit a nut. Although sometimes included in Haloragaceae, this 7monotypic family is distinct in having the leaves entire, the stems sympodial (the main axis appearing simple but actually consisting of a series of short axillary branches), the flowers mostly bisexual with a solitary stamen, a 1-chambered ovary, and a solitary style stigmatic along one side (Lawrence 1951). Mare's Tail FamilyQ Mare's Tail FamilyS Hippuris Mare's Tail HYDROCHARITACEAEB stafftree familyU stary starwortO stonecropZ stonecrop familyZ sumacE sumac familyE sunflowerI sunflower familyI taill tamarisk tamarisk family teasel_ teasel family_ tongue tree-of-heaven tree-of-heaven family family valerian valerian family verbena verbena vervain family vervain vervain family violet violet family waterC water milfoil familyk water plantain familyC water starwort familyO waterfern waterfern family waterleafn waterleaf familyn waternymph} waternymph family} willow willow family wintergreen wintergreen family woodsorrel woodsorrel family worto 1/16I 3-lobedE C;litary. Fruit a capsule, usually 2-valved; seeds numerous. Gentian FamilyQ Gentian FamilyS(Centaurium Gentiana Gentianella Swertia U(Centaury Gentian Little Gentian Swertia GERANIACEAEB GERANIACEAE (Geranium Family) Annual to perennial herbs or rarely small shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple and palmately or pinnately lobed to divided or pinnately compound; stipules present. Flowers bisexual (ours), radially symmetrical or nearly so, in cymes or umbels; sepals 5, free, often awn-tipped; petals 5 (ours), free, stamens usually in 1-3 series of 5 each, the filaments often dilated and sometimes fused at the base, the anthers 2-celled or in some species lacking on lla lobes; pistil 1, the ovary sessile or stipitate, superior and 1-chambered with 1 elongate to obsolete style, the 2 stigmas often expanded, sometimes recurved in the same direction and appearing so o numerous. Frogbit FamilyQ Frogbit FamilyS Elodea Elodea HYDROPHYLLACEAEB HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Waterleaf Family) Annual to perennial herbs or less commonly shrubs. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, simple or pinnately compound; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical or nearly so, sympetalous, mostly 5-merous, sometimes solitary but generally in variously modified cymose clusters, these often secund, coiled in bud and elongating in age; calyx (4)5-lobed to the middle or below, occasionally appendaged just below each sinus; corolla funnelfo f 3 free segments; the staminate flowers 1-several per spathe, the stamens (1)3-9(12) with anthers 2-celled; pistillate flowers 1 per spathe, the ovary inferior and 1-chambered, the 3-6 styles entire or 2- or 3-branched. Fruit dry or pulpy, linear to globose, indehiscent or rupturing irregularly; seeds few t Goatgrass Wheatgrass Redtop Bentgrass Foxtail Apera Three-awn Tall Oatgrass Brome Chess Reedgrass Brookgrass Sandbur Fingergrass Woodreed Bermuda Grass Orchard Grass Oatgrass Hairgrass Crabgrass Saltgrass Barnyard Grass Goosegrass Wildrye Lovegrass Fescue Mannagrass Velvetgrass Barley Foxtail Junegrass Cutgrass Sprangletop Ryegrass Melicgrass Oniongrass Muhlygrass Ricegrass Panicgrass Canary Grass Timothy Bluegrass Beardgrass Alkaligrass Hardgrass Bristlegrass SquirreltB2ail Sorghum Cordgrass Dropseed Needlegrass Wheat POLEMONIACEAEB KRPTH MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Species.fm RPTHA Wasatch Species.fm MARIA Wasatch Species.fp3 MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Species RPTHA Wasatch Species (LIST ACERACEAE AIZOACEAE ALISMATACEAE AMARANTHACEAE ANACARDIACEAE APIACEAE APOCYNACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE ASTERACEAE BERBERIDACEAE BETULACEAE BORAGINACEAE BRASSICACEAE CACTACEAE CALLITRICHACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CANNABACEAE CANNABINACEAE CAPPARACEAE CAPPARIDACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE CELASTRACEAE CERATOPHYLLACEAE CHENOPODIACEAE COMPOSITAE CONVOLVULACEAE CUSCUTACEAE CORNACEAE CRASSULACEAE CRUCIFERAE CUCURBITACEAE CUPRESSACEAE CUSCUTACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE CYPERACEAE DIPSACACEAE ELAEAGNACEAE lemnaceae liliaceae limnanthaceae linaceae loasaceae lythraceae malvaceae marsileaceae mesembryanthemaceae najadaceae nyctaginaceae onagraceae ophioglossaceae orchidaceae orobanchaceae oxalidaceae papaveraceae pinaceae plantaginaceae poaceae polemoniaceae polygonaceae polypodiaceae portulacaceae potamogetonaceae primulaceae pyrolaceae ranunculaceae rhamnaceae rosaceae rubiaceae ruppiaceae salicaceae salviniaceae santalaceae saxifragaceae scrophulariaceae selaginellaceae simaroubaceae solanaceae sparganiaceae tamaricaceae typhaceae ulmaceae umbelliferae urticaceae valerianaceae verbenaceae violaceae viscaceae vitaceae zannichelliaceae zygophyllaceae partD partedB partiallyH partitiona partitions| partlyk pear-shapedH pectinatelyk pedicel-likem pedicelledQ pedicelsC peduncleI peduncledm pedunclesw peltate\ pendent pendulous pepo[ peppermintt pepperwort| perennialC perennial herbs vines shrubs trees often milky juiceG herbs vines shrubs trees often milky juiceG trees often milky juiceG vines shrubs trees often milky juiceG Quillwort Family Rose Family Rush Family Sandalwood Family Saxifrage Family Sedge Family Snapdragon or Figwort Family Spikemoss.Family Spurge Family St. John's Wort Family Stafftree Family Stonecrop Family Sumac Family Sunflower Family Tamarisk Family Teasel Family True Fern Family Valerian Family Verbena or Vervain Family Vervain Family Violet Family Water Milfoil Family Water Plantain Family Water Starwort Family Waterfern Family Waterleaf Family Waternymph Family Willow Family WinteE rgreen Family Woodsorrel Family POACEAE GRAMINEAE Barbarea Brassica Camelina Capsella Cardamine Cardaria Chlorocrambe Chorispora Conringia Descurainia Diplotaxis Draba Erysimum Euclidium Hesperis Hutchinsia Isatis Lepidium Lesquerella Lobularia Lunaria Malcolmia Nasturtium Physaria Raphanus Rorippa Sisymbrium Smelowskia Streptanthus Thelypodium Thlaspi Sandalwood Family Saxifrage Family Sedge Family Snapdragon or Figwort Family Spikemoss.Family Spurge Famil e style 1 with 3 threadlike stigmas. Fruit a 3-valved capsule; seeds 3-many, ellipsoid to subglobose, often with fleshy tail-like appendages. Rush FamilyQ Rush FamilyS Juncus Luzula Woodrush JUNCAGINACEAEB JUNCAGINACEAE (Arrowgrass Family) Annual or perennial herbs of wet places, occasionally dioecious, often rhizomatous. Leaves alternate or entirely basal, narrow, subterete or flat, sheathing the stem at the base. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, ours in ebracteate racemes or spikes borne on elongate scapes; sepals 3; petals 3, similar to the sepals; stamens 6, the filaments short or lacking, the anthers 2-celled carpels 3 or 6, free or partially to completely fused; each ovary superior anBqd 1-chambered, with an obsolete (ours) to elongate style. Fruit of 3 or 6 free or fused, 1-few-seeded follicles. the ovary superior, 1- or 3-chambered, th unlikep upperM uppermostd upwardi urticaceae urticaceae nettle family usedR usuallyA utricleD valerian valerianaceae valerianaceae valerian family valvesM variableJ varieties[ variouslyG vegetable[ vegetativeu veinletsC velumq velvety ventralL verbena verbenaceae verbenaceae verbena vervain family verticalF vertically-oriented vervain veryk parsnipF cowcockle crabgrass crazyweed crowfoot cryptanth cucumber[ cudweed currant cutgrass cutleaf cypressW daffodil daisyI dandelion deadnettle deathv death camasv desertF desert parsleyF desert-thorn ditchgrass dodder dogbane dogfennel dogtoothv dogtooth violetv dogwood douglas douglas downingia dragonhead dropseed ducksmeat duckweed dustyI dusty maidenI dwarf dwarf mistletoe dyer'sM dyer's woadM eggsg elderberry elodea enchanter's enchanter's nightshade englishI english daisyI euclidium evening evening primrose everlasting fairyv fairy bellsv falseM false flaxM false helleborev fescue fiddleneck figwort filaree fingergrass flatsedge flaxM flaxflower fleabane fleur-de-lis floerkea rely partially inferior, 1-chambered, the styles or stigmas 2 (3-5). Fruit a dorsiventrally compressed (horizontal) or laterally compressed (vertical) utricle or an achene, the pericarp usually thin and either loosely or closely investing the seed. Goosefoot Family Many species in the goosefoot family inhabit dry, waste sites and a relatively large number are alkaline- or saline-tolerant. Some species are cultivated for their more or less palatable roots or leaves, notably: Beta vulgaris L. (beet, Swiss chard); Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach). st near the base, or occasionally free, usually greenish, sometimes fleshy or becoming membranous, the calyx commonly persistent around the fruit, in Monolepis usually reduced to a mere scale or lacking entirely, in Atriplex the pistillate flowers naked and subtended by 2 opposing bracts; stamens 1-5; pistil 1, the ovary superior or ra wwwwww ves alternate or rarely opposite or whorled, simple and entire (ours) or rarely dissected. Flowers bisexual, sympetalous; sepals commonly 5(3-10); corolla 5-lobed, radially symmetrical and mostly bell-shaped or bilaterally symmetrical and tubular; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes, free or nearly so (ours); pistil 1, the ovary inferior or nearly so, 1-5(10)-chambered; the style 1 with 1-5 Bgstigmas. Fruit a few-many-seeded capsule (ours) opening by valves or pores or in some species a berry. E/Harebell or Bellflower Family Bellflower Family -shaped or bilaterally symmetrical and tubular; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes, free or nearly so (ours); pistil 1, the ovary inferior or nearly so, 1-5(10)-chambered; the style 1 with 1-5 stigmas. Fruit a few-many-seeded capsule (ours) o nspecies, the perianth differentiated into a greenish calyx and a petaloid corolla; stamens 3 or 6 or rarely 4, the filaments free or fused to the perianth near the base, pistil 1, the ovary superior or partially to rarely entirely inferior, (1 or 2)3-chambered, the styles 1 or 3, each with a head-shaped or 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a capsule or a berry, seeds 1-many. Lily FamilyQ Lily FamilyS Allium Asparagus Calochortus Camassia Disporum Erythronium Fritillaria Lloydia Smilacina Streptopus Triteleia Veratrum Zigadenus Wild Onion Wild Garlic Asparagus Mariposa Lily Sego Lily Camas Fairy Bells Glacier Lily Dogtooth Violet Fritillary Lloydia Smilacina Twisted-stalk Triteleia False Hellebore Death Camas LIMNANTHACEAEB d FamilyQ Duckweed Family. Duckweed FamilyQ Duckweed Family Helvetica Geneva Verdana Symbol MARIA Wasatch Genera.fp3 MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Genera RPTHA Wasatch Genera 5Fali MSPCA NAMEA Photo Data CD.cbf fruitA fruiting fumariaceaeg fumariaceae fumitory familyg fumitoryg functional functionallyI fundamentally funnelformG s sap. Often this is poisonous or irritant. In other cases it is exploited as a source of fuel or rubber. Most of the world's natural rubber supply comes from a tree of this family. Flowers are separate male and female, which can be carried on the same plant or on different plants. Euphorbia has a unique arrangements of male and female flowers in a little cup (cyathium): it is so distinctive that it can be used as a one-shot identification for the genus. Unfortunately for the amateur, aboC ut 2000 species fit the description, and these are amazingly diverse. All our local members of the Spurge family are in the Spurge genus. Most are easy to overlook except for one or two escaped imports. Spurge FamilyS Euphorbia Spurge FABACEAE LEGUMINOSAE calledH callitricaceaeO callitricaceae water starwort familyO callus caltrop calyxB campanulaceaeP campanulaceae harebell bellflower familyP cannabaceaeQ cannabaceae cannabinaceae familyQ cannabinaceaeQ caperR capparaceaeR capparaceae capparidaceae caper familyR capparidaceaeR capparisR cappedI capping caprifoliaceaeS caprifoliaceae honeysuckle familyS capsa capsuleB carex^ ally symmetrical, perigynous or epigynous or in a few species hypogynous, solitary or clustered in cymes, racemes, or panicles, partially replaced by bulblets in Lithophragma; pedi cels sometimes jointed below the receptacle; floral tube (see comment below) top- to bell-shaped or cylindric, sepals and petals arising with the stamens at or near the summit of the floral tube, commonly 4 or 5, free, in some species smaller than the sepals or occasionally lacking; stamens generally 5 or 10, free or rarely the filaments fused; pistil 1, the carpels commonly 2 or 3 (4-10), fused or free to some degree, in many species the tips free and divergent as beaklike projections at ULMACEAE (Elm Family) Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, serrate or entire, often basally asymmetrical; stipules soon deciduous. Flowers inconspicuous, bisexual or unisexual (and the plants monoecious or polygamous), radially symmetrical, in some species perigynous, axillary, solitary or in clusters; sepals 4-8, free or fused; petals lacking; stamens generally equal in number to the sepals and opposite them; pistil 1, the ovary superior, usually 1-chambered, the styles 2. Fruit BSa one-seeded drupe, nut, or samara, the latter with an encircling membranous wing. Elm Family ELTIDACEAE. Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila) is one of the pest trees introduced from Asia, and gaining a tenacious hold on parts of our Jordan River Parkway (Photo 3). Will remain in ULMACEAE. ary on a basally long-hairy stipe, borne in small clusters on relatively stout short pedicels, subten Genera Common Name CommentsR%Families of the Central Wasatch FrontS CLOSE FILET QUITU COLUMN LAYOUT Family list GROSSULARIACEAE / SAXIFRAGACEAE (Currant or Gooseberry Family) Armed or unarmed shrubs (ours) or unarmed trees. Leaves alternate and simple, stipules generally lacking. Flowers usually bisexual (ours), radially symmetrical (4)5(6)-merous, generally in racemes; sepals and petals free, arising with the stamens at the apex of a floral tube, the petals generally smaller than the sepals; stamens 4-6, alternating with the petals; pistil 1 with the ovary superior or partially to completely infBqerior and 1(2-6)-chambered, the styles 1 or 2 and free or partially fused. Fruit a many-seeded berry or capsule. E.Currant or Gooseberry Family Gooseberry FamilyQ Currant or Gooseberry FamilySARibes Heuchera Jamesia Lithophragma Mitella Parnassia Saxifraga Currant Gooseberry HALORAGACEAE HALORAGIDACEAE nd appearing so flowerL forget-me-notL four~ o'clock~ foxtail fritillary fumitory garlicv gaura gentian geraniumi giantt giant hyssopt gilia glacierv glacier lilyv glasswort glechoma globemallow gloryX goatgrass goatsbeard goldenI golden asterI goldeneye goldenrod goldenweed goodyera gooseberry goosefoot goosegrass grape grape grassM grass-of-parnassus grasswrack greasewood gromwell groundcherry groundsel groundsmoke gumweed hackberry hairgrass halogeton hardgrass hare'sM hare's harebell hawksbeard hawkweed hawthorn heathf hedera hedgehogN hedgehog cactusN hedgenettle heliotrope helleborev helleborine borine helleborine eliotrope he same direction and appearing so some of the filaments; pistil 1, the ovary superior, with 3-5(8) weakly fused carpels, the styles 5 and fused around an extension of the receptacle to form an ultimately elongate stylar column with 5 free stigmas at its apex. Fruit a schizocarp, separating at maturity into 5 mericarps, the stylar column remaining intact in fruit or more often splitting upward from the base with an elongate, coiled or twisted style persistent on each mericarp; seeds 1 or 2 per mericarp. In the keys and desC criptions below, measurement of the sepals includes the awn when present, and measurement of the stylar column is taken from the apex of the mericarps to the tips of the stigmas. Geranium FamilyQ Geranium FamilyS Erodium Geranium U.Storksbill Filaree Heron s Bill Wild Geranium GROSSULARIACEAE d in the same direction and appearing so mas. Fruit (ours) a 3-chambered capsule, the 3 valves often remaining attached at the base after dehiscence, rarely the fruit indehiscent; seeds 1-many per chamber. Phlox Family The Phlox family is of modest size, 300 species grouped in 20 genera. Most are annual or perennial herbs, occurring through temperate North America and Eurasia, with some in western South America. Leaves are variously plain or greatly divided, alternate or opposite. Flowers are usually 5-parted, sometimes 4 or 6, most often in clusters. Sepals unite to form a lobed tube, as do the petals. The flowers are often brightly colored, making them attractive in the wild and in cultivation. Conver (4)5-lobed; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes, arising from the tube at the same or at different levels; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 3-chambered, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed, the style 1 with (1)3 linear stig Caltrop Family The Caltrop family is fairly small, with about 250 species in warm dry regions. They are mostly herbs and shrubs, sometimes spiny. Leaves are usually opposite and lobed or compound. Flowers are bisexual, with 5 separate petals. We have only a single species locally, the imported weed Caltrop. Otherwise, further south there are a few other family members, notably the Creosote Bush (Photo 3) which dominates large areas of desert. 015-001L 075-006M 046-028Q Caltrop FamilyS Tribulus Puncturevine Caltrop HIPPOCASTANACEAEB HIPPOCASTANACEAE (Chestnut Family) Chestnut FamilyQ Chestnut FamilyS SIMAROUBACEAEB SIMAROUBACEAE (Tree-of-heaven Family) IRIDACEAE (Iris Family) Annual or perennial herbs from tuberous rhizomes, bulbs, or corms; stems erect, simple or branched, occasionally lacking; herbage glabrous or glandular-pubescent. Leaves mostly basal, linear to narrowly elongate, often in two ranks with the blades folded down the center, the lower ones enfolding the upper (equitant). Flowers bisexual, radially (ours) or bilaterally symmetrical, solitary or in a spike, raceme, panicle, or umbellate cluster, individual flowers or s mall clusters subtended by 2 broad spathelike bracts (spathe bracts); perianth of 6 petaloid segments in two series, these alike or unlike, all united basally to form a perianth tube; stamens 3, the filaments free or fused for at least part of their length to form a column around the style, the anthers 2-celled; pistil 1, the ovary inferior and 3-chambered, the style 1 with 3 stigmas, these often much expanded, flattened, and petaloid, sometimes 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, seeds few to many.C d the stigma terminal, minute, and globose. Fruit a capsule or more often a schizocarp, the latter ultimately separating into multiple, 1-several-seeded carpels (mericarps) arranged (ours) in a single whorl around a short, often conical prolongation of the receptacle, splitting apart before or after dehiscence, occasionally the mericarps indehiscent; seeds kidney-shaped, often hairy. Mallow FamilyF The cotton of commerce is derived from long fibers produced on the seeds of several species of Gossypium, an economically important member of this family.Q Mallow FamilyS9Althaea Hibiscus Iliamna Malva Sidalcea Sphaeralcea UKHollyhock Rose Mallow Wild Hollyhock Mallow Checkermallow Globemallow MARSILEACEAEB ly equal in number to the carpels, fused below, free above and branched at the tips, the branches threadlike and stigmatic over most of their length or entire an Cypress Family Ditchgrass Family Dodder Family Dogbane Family Dogwood Family Duckweed Family Elm Family Evening Primrose Family Fern Family Figwort Family Flax Family Four-o'clock Family Frogbit Family Fumitory Family Gentian Family Geranium Family Gooseberry Family Goosefoot Family Gourd Family Grape Family Grass Family Harebell or Bellflower Family Heath Family Hemp family Honeysuckle Family Horned Pondweed Family Hornwort Family Horsetail Family Iris Family Juniper Family Legume, Pe a or Bean Family Lily Family Loosestrife Family Madder Family Mallow Family Maple Family Mare's Tail Family Meadowfoam Family Milkweed Family Mint Family Mistletoe Family Morning Glory Family Mustard or Cabbage Family Nettle Family Nightshade or Potato Family Oak Family Oleaster Family Orchid Family Parsley or Carrot Family Pea Family Pepperwort Family Phlox Family Pine Family Pink Family Plantain Family Pondweed Family Poppy Family Potato Family Primrose Family Purslane Family Quassia Fam 4SpAgastache Glechoma Lamium Leonurus Lycopus Marrubium Mentha Moldavica Monardella Nepeta Prunella Salvia Stachys Giant Hyssop Glechoma Deadnettle Motherwort Water Horehound Bugleweed Horehound Dragonhead Horsemint Cat Mint Selfheal Hedgenettle 5A LEMNACEAEB LEMNACEAE (Duckweed Family) Minute to small, free-floating to submerged, monoecious, aquatic perennials, occasionally in wet soil, not differentiated into stems and leaves (thalloid) consisting of a fleshy to membranous disclike or spheroid stem (thallus), rootless or with 1 or more simple roots arising from the lower surface, generally colonial and reproducing chiefly by vegetative means. Flowers (rarely seen) unisexual, arising within a reproductive pouch, 1-3 staminate and 1 pistillat r species grown for culinary purposes. Mint FamilyQ Mint Family JUNCACEAE (Rush Family) Perennial or less often annual grasslike herbs; stems terete or flattened, often arising from elongate rhizomes, generally unbranched except in the inflorescence. Leaves alternate or in some species all basal, typically divided into a basal sheath and blade, the sheaths open or closed, the blades flat or terrete to channeled, occasionally reduced and bristlelike or entirely lacking. Flowers bisexual (ours) or rarely unisexual, variously arranged in a usually com pound, essentially cymose, compact to open inflorescence, each flower sessile or pedicelled in the axil of a usually membranous bract, in some species the perianth immediately subtended by 2(3) membranous bractlets, the lowermost (involucral) bract of the inflorescence often leaflike; perianth of essentially membranous, dark brown to purple-black or partially green segments in 2 similar series of 3 each; stamens 6 or less often (1 or 2)3; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1- or 3-chambered, th e subtended by a minute saclike spathe or a spathe lacking; the staminate flowers consisting of a single stamen, the pistillate of a solitary pistil with a 1-chambered ovary. Fruit bladder-like; seeds 1-7, smooth or ribbed. Duckweed FamilyQ Duckweed FamilyS Lemna Spirodela Wolffia Duckweed Ducksmeat Watermeal 6A LILIACEAEB LILIACEAE (Lily Family) Perennial, scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes or somewhat woody caudices; stems simple or branched, sometimes woody or climbing Leaves alternate or occasionally opposite or whorled, simple and entire, chiefly parallel-veined. Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual, often showy, radially symmetrical or nearly so, 3-merous or rarely 2- or 4-merous, perianth segments usually 6 in 2 free or fused series, both series petaloid or, in some d ovary. Fruit bladder-like; seeds 1-7, smooth or ribbed. licoriced lilac morning gloryX onionv pinkT wildrye william willow willow-weed willowherb windflower wintercress winterfat wintergreen wolfbane wolfberry woodbine woodland woodland woodnymph woodreed woodrush woodsia woodsorrel wormwood worto yampah yarrow yellowcress e family is made up almost entirely of the large Maple genus (Acer) with more than 100 species, plus a small genus of two Chinese species. They occur mainly in the northern temperate regions. Typically trees or shrubs. kweed Yampah Water Parsnip arsnip 5A LEMNACEAEB currants cyathiumc cyclamen cycle cynoglossumL cyperus^ cypress\ daffodil daffodils daisiesI damp^ dandelionI darkE darwin's daunting davisN deadlyF decent-sized decideL decisive defined defined definitely definitive^ degree delphinium denseF dependent dependingM describedD descriptionc descriptionsf descriptiveP desertF despiteN detailedM detailsR develop developed developing development develops dianthusT differH difference differencesW differentN difficultW diminutiveF dioeciousK dioxideZ dipsacus_ dirchgrass direction] disagree diskI disparate dispersalI dispersedK LOASACEAE (Blazing Star Family) Herbs or shrubs, generally with either stinging or (ours) rigid, minutely many-barbed hairs. Leaves alternate (ours) or opposite, simple and entire or variously divided; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical; sepals and petals (4)5, free (ours), arising above the ovary, sometimes at the apex of a short to well-developed floral tube, the petals orange to yellow or cream to white; stamens 10-numerous, the filaments free or fused into grouB ps, the outer 5 sometimes expanded and petaloid (the petals then appearing to be more nu!merous than 5); ovary inferior, 1-chambered, with 1 style. Fruit a capsule, seeds numerous. Blazing Star FamilyQ Blazing Star FamilyS Mentzelia Blazing Star LYTHRACEAEB OASACEAE B Lily FamilyQ Lily FamilyS Zigadenus etimes 2-lipped calyx, the latter with the upper lip 3-toothed and the lower 2-toothed; corolla generally 2-lipped, sometimes obscurely so the upper lip entire or 2-lobed and the lower 3-lobed, the lobes of the upper lip often fused; stamens 2 or 4, arising from the corolla tube; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 4-lobed at flowering time, with 1 apically 2-4-cleft style arising at the center of the ovary and appearing basal to the lobes. Fruit of 4 nutlets (fewer by abortion), each lateral @ly or basally attached and l-seeded, included within the persistent calyx. Lamiaceae is perhaps rivaled only by Apiaceae in the number of species cultivated as condiments. Basil, marjoram, oregano, sage, savory, rosemary, thyme, peppermint, and spearmint are among the more familiar species grown for culinary purposes. Mint FamilyQ Mint Family medick melicgrass merlin'sq merlin's grassq milkvetch milkweed milkwort mistletoe miterwort monkeyflower monkshood montia moonwort morningX morning gloryX mosquito mosquito motherwort mountainI mountain mountain dandelionI mountain loverU mountain mahogany mountain mustardM mountain sorrel mouse mouse mudwort muhlygrass mulesears mullein mustard myriophyllum myrtle navarretia needlegrass needlegrass dlegrass LYTHRACEAE (Loosestrife Family) Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves mostly opposite or whorled, simple and entire; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, perigynous, 1-several in the leaf axils or occasionally in terminal bracteate spikes, racemes or cymes; floral tube bell-shaped to cylindric; sepals 4-7, arising at the apex of the floral tube, usually alternating with bractlike appendages; petals 4-7 or occasionally lacking, arising with the sepals at the rim of the floB ral tube; stamens 2-12, arising from the floral tube; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 2-6-chambered, the style with a 2-lobed or discoid stigma. Fruit a capsule; seeds numerous. Loosestrife FamilyQ Loosestrife FamilyS Lythrum Loosestrife ;A MALVACEAEB Lily FamilyQ Lily Family loid, sometimes spurred, in some species small and soon deciduous; petals 5 (3-20 or more), free, sometimes spurred, in some species lacking; stamens 5-numerous, spirally arranged; pistils 1-5 or more often numerous and spirally arranged on a more or less elongate receptacle, the ovary superior and 1-chambered with 1 style. Fruit a follicle or an achene, rarely a berry or a capsule. E,Buttercup or Crowfoot Family Crowfoot Family nemone Aquilegia Caltha Clematis Delphinium Myosurus Ranunculus Thalictrum ts. Columbines are next with 5 species. ane (an alternative name for Monkshood) are examples from the Buttercup family. cymes, racemes, or umbels; sepals 4 or 5, green or petaloid, fused to form a bell-shaped or salverform calyx (often appearing to be a sympetalous corolla), the calyx tube constricted just above the ovary and deciduous at the point of constriction, the base persisting around the fruit; petals none; stamens (1-3) 5, the filaments unequal, free or fused toward the base; pistil 1, the sessile or stalked ovary superior and 1-chambered, the style slender. Fruit an achene, surrounded by but not aCYdherent to the fleshy or hardened base of the calyx tube, the whole called an anthocarp. Four-o'clock FamilyQ Four-o'clock FamilyS Abronia Mirabilis Sand Verbena Four O'clock ONAGRACEAEB essile stigmas threadlike. Fruit an ellipsoid or ovoid achene enclosed in a translucent membranous pericarp. cactaceae@ lemnaceae@ 1-20@ 1-chambered 2-10@ 2-several@ 4-lobed@ after@ annual perennial herbs rarely shrubs trees leaves annual perennial herbs usually dioecious leaves alternate annual perennial herbs species woody-based stems annual perennial herbs shrubs trees leaves opposite annuals anther@ aquatic rootless herbs submerged free-floating monoecious rhizomatous herbs fresh brackish oecious herbs shrubs trees usually eften@ entire@ erect@ erous@ flowering@ folded@ functionally@ greenish@ head@ herbs vines shrubs trees leaves alternate simple initially@ internal@ l-several@ lenticular@ longitudinal@ monoecious@ more@ LISTB VDEF@ VDEF@ alisA LISTB VDEF@ Waternymph FamilyQ Waternymph FamilyS Najas Waternymph NYCTAGINACEAEB NYCTAGINACEAE (Four-o'clock Family) Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees; stems erect to procumbent. Leaves mostly opposite, simple, entire or less often toothed to lobed; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual, radially symmetrical, hypogynous or rarely perigynous in Abronia, solitary or more often in bracteate clusters, the bracts often forming an involucre (ours) of 2-5 free or fused, green or variously colored segments, the involucrate clusters solitary or in eparate, entire to 4-lobed perianth); pistillate flowers consisting of a single naked pistil or with a very thin perianth adhering to the pistil, the ovary superior and 1-chambered, the style lacking, the 2-4 sessile stigmas threadlike. Fruit an ellipsoid or ovoid achene enclosed in a translucent membranous pericarp. MALVACEAE (Mallow Family) Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; herbage usually pubescent with simple or more often sessile branched hairs, the latter 2-4-rayed or stellate. Leaves simple, alternate, entire or more often toothed to variously cleft or parted; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual, radially symmetrical or nearly so; sepals 5, usually fused, at least near the base, the calyx often closely subtended by an involucre of 1-many bracts or bractlets; petals 5, free, but the base of the short claw fused to the staminal tube, often notched at the apex; stamens many, the filaments fused to form a tube around the pistil (monadelphous), the anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening along the margin; pistil 1, the ovary superior with 2-many carpels weakly coherent in a ring, the styles generally equal in number to the carpels, fused below, free above and branched at the tips, the branches threadlike and stigmatic over most of their length or entire an volution back into a better focus. Although many plants do open in the evening and fade the next day ("vespertine") as is true of the showy Evening Primrose genus, others such as the Camissonias and Groundsmokes open in the morning and fade the same day ("matutinal"). 000-012L 036-028M 013-023Q Evening Primrose FamilySMBoisduvalia Camissonia Circaea Clarkia Epilobium Gaura Gayophytum Oenothera UsSpike Primrose Camissonia Enchanter's Nightshade Clarkia Willowherb Willow-weed Gaura Groundsmoke Evening Primrose OPHIOGLOSSACEAEB some species dry and indehiscent, rarely a berry. Evening Primrose Family Gourd FamilyQ Gourd FamilyS Echinocystis Wild Cucumber CUPRESSACEAEB CUPRESSACEAE (Cypress or Juniper Family) Monoecious or dioecious evergreen trees and shrubs with resinous wood. Leaves opposite or whorled, scalelike and appressed or awl shaped and divergent, in some species of Juniperus, the leaves elongate and needlelike. Cones axillary or terminal on the twigs; male cones small, terminal or axillary, the scales peltate with 2-6 pollen sacs attached to the dorsal surface; female cones terminal, globose to elongate, ours 0.5-2.8 cm long, the scales 2B -12, relatively thick, flattened and peltate, or (ours) fleshy and fused (the cone resembling a hardened berry), each scale with 1-12 ovules near the base on the ventral side. Seeds often winged. E,Cypress Family Juniper Family Conifer Family pistil 1, the ovary superior or rarely partially inferior, 1-chambered, Stafftree FamilyF The family Pyrolaceae is often treated as a subfamily of Ericaceae. Heather, rhododendrons, and azaleas are members of this family prized for their horticultural value; other species provide edible fruit, e.g., huckleberries, blueberries, and cranberries. :The Stafftree or Bittersweet family is widespread in the tropic and subtropics (55 genera and 855 species), with a few reaching tmperate area. They are shrubs, trees or vines, a few of which are used as ornamentals, notably Euonymous. There is a single representative in our area, the small shrub Mountain Lover. Stafftree FamilyS Pachistima Mountain Lover CERATOPHYLLACEAEB -12 stigmas. Fruit a many- HYPERICACEAE / GUTTIFERAE (St. John's Wort Family) Annual to perennial herbs or shrubs (trees). Leaves opposite or whorled, simple, generally sessile and entire, gland-dotted and often with fine black spots; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, radially symmetrical, generally white or yellow, in terminal or axillary cymes, rarely solitary; sepals 2-10 or more, free or partially fused, persistent; petals 2-10 or more, free, usually deciduous; stamens few to more often numerouB s, free or the filaments basally fused into (1)3 or more separate groups; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1(3-5 or 7)-chambered, with 3-5(7) free or fused styles. Fruit a capsule or a berry; seeds numerous, minute. St. John's Wort FamilyQ St. John's Wort FamilyS Hypericum St. John's Wort 0A IRIDACEAEB ehiscent or rupturing irregularly; seeds few t The Primrose family, consisting of about 20 genera and 1000 species, is concentrated in the temperate and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Primula is by far the largest genus, with 500 species. They are annual or perennial herbs, sometimes a bit woody. Leaves are frequently as a basal rosette, from which rises a leafless flower stem (Photo 1). Flowers can be very showy, with 5 petals joined (at least partially) in a symmetrical ring. Lobes can be dramatically folded back, as in ou r Shooting Star, or the cultivated Cyclamen. They are more commonly presented face-forward, though, as in Primula itself (Photo 2). Many other species are not showy, but have clusters of tiny white flowers (Photo 3, Rock Jasmine). Seeds are contained in a capsule which splits down the sides (see Parry's Primrose). The family is not of economic significance, except for the ornamental plants, which include Primula, Cyclamen, Pimpernel (Anagallis) and Loosestrife (Lysimachia). NAJADACEAE (Waternymph Family) Submerged, monoecious or dioecious, aquatic annuals; stems branching, the internodes often armed with prickles. Leaves opposite or the internodes greatly shortened and the leaves appearing whorled, sessile with a dilated sheathing base, entire or toothed. Flowers minute, unisexual, 1-several in the upper leaf axils; staminate flowers consisting of a solitary, usually subsessile stamen with a 1-4-celled anther, enclosed in a perianth-like membranous spathe, this terminating in 2 thickened lips (often interpreted as a membranous spathe and a separate, entire to 4-lobed perianth); pistillate flowers consisting of a single naked pistil or with a very thin perianth adhering to the pistil, the ovary superior and 1-chambered, the style lacking, the 2-4 sessile stigmas threadlike. Fruit an ellipsoid or ovoid achene enclosed in a translucent membranous pericarp. n similar to the sepals, occasionally fused with or curled under the upper sepal to form a hood, the lower petal (lip) usually differing markedly in shape, size, and sometimes color from the other perianth segments, in some species prolonged at the base into a sac or spur housing a nectary. filaments and styles fused into a column at the center of the flower; fertile anthers 1(2) arising at some point along the dorsal (upper) aspect of the column or at its summit, the 2 pollen sacs often b orne on a broad connective, a sterile stamen in the form of a staminode present in some genera, the pollen grains in most species united by elastic threads into 1-4(8) masses (pollinia); ovary inferior, 1-3-chambered, the stigmas 3, arising near the apex on the ventral (lower) aspect of the column, all alike or only 2 stigmatic, the third modified to form the beaklike rostellum, this shielding the stigmatic surface from the anther. Fruit a 3-valved, dry (ours) capsule; seeds minute, very n Hemp family The Hemp family is very small, just 2 genera with a total of 3 species - or maybe just 2 species. These plants have been cultivated for thousands of years, one as a flavoring for beer (Hops), the other as a source of fiber and psychoactive drugs (Hemp). As plants they look unlike. Hops are a clambering perennial vine to 25 feet long, Hemp is a tall erect annual herb, to 12 feet tall. What they have in common is an unusual flower structure: no petals, separate male and female plants (dioecB ious), and other factors. Hemp familyS Cannabis Humulus CAPPARACEAE CAPPARIDACEAE he flowers on the receptacle. s, the valves ultimately falling, the membranous replum OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Adder's Tongue Family) Spore-bearing, mostly glabrous herbs, the sporophyte a solitary, annually produced leaf arising from a short, simple, erect, underground stem, the leaf green, simple or compound, consisting of a fertile and a sterile segment borne on a common stalk, the fertile segment simple or branched, usually extended beyond the sterile one and simulating an inflorescence, the sterile segment (blade) sessile or petioled, erect or recurved in bud but not coile ud, simulating a leaf, the base of the common stalk enlarged and containing the bud of next year's leaf. Spores produced in numerous, 2-valved, thick-walled sporangia, the latter about 1 mm thick, stalked or sessile or sometimes sunken in the axis of the fertile segment, lacking the indusium and annulus usually present in true ferns. Gametophyte subterranean, threadlike. Adder's Tongue Family The Woodsorrel family is dominated by the genus Oxalis which has 800 of the 880 species. Plants are annuals, perennials, herbs, shrubs or trees. They are widespread in subtropical and tropical regions. A few are used as ornamentals, and a few are eaten. Oxalic acid, the family's namesake, is present to varying extents. Large amounts are toxic because of its ability to bind calcium, while small amounts give a pleasant tang to foods. Other families contain it also, notably the Dock family: BS"sorrel" means sour, and some of the docks were cultivated for their tasty leaves. Woodsorrel FamilyS Oxalis Woodsorrel PAPAVERACEAEB Broomrape FamilyS Orobanche U$Broomrape / Cancer-root Cancer-root OXALIDACEAEB ours) capsule; seeds minute, very n onagraceae evening primrose family onced one-seedede onesB onlyN openT openingJ opens ophioglossaceae ophioglossaceae adder's tongue family opposingW oppositeA opuntiaN surrounded by but not adherent to the fleshy or hardened base o ?sely, many are tiny and hard to find. Seeds in our species are in a dry capsule which splits down 3 seams. They are often sticky when wet. Well known genera include Jacob's Ladder (Polemonium), Phlox (Phlox), and Gilia (a complicated genus that in the broad sense includes Gilia itself and others such as Ipomopsis). 006-006L 021-015M 069-024Q Phlox FamilySECollomia Gilia Leptodactylon Microsteris Navarretia Phlox Polemonium U`Collomia Gilia Prickly Gilia Flaxflower Little Polecat Navarretia Sweet William Jacob's Ladder POLYGONACEAEB etimes shallowly 3-lobed, the style 1 with (1)3 linear stig family fan-shaped fascicled featherlike female\ fernlike ferns fertileI few-many-seededP fewerL fibrousC fifth figwort filamentO filamentsH fillingI fineN firma firmly flatI flattenedF flaxx fleshyN flexuousV floatingC floralN florets flowerD pletely inferior, 1-5-chambered, the styles 1-5, free or rarely fused. Fruit a follicle, pome, drupe, drupelet, or achene, sometimes the achenes borne on a fleshy receptac BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry Family) Evergreen or deciduous shrubs or perennial herbs, frequently rhizomatous. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, stipules usually lacking, the base of the petiole often expanded. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, usually in racemes; sepals and petals generally similar, each in several series and variable in number; stamens generally as many as the petals and opposite them, the anthers opening by 2 pores or longitudinally; pistil 1, the ovary superiorBV and 1-chambered, the style short or more often lacking. Fruit a berry or a follicle. Barberry Family PINACEAEB OXALIDACEAEB OXALIDACEAEB The Plantain family contains only 3 genera, and almost all of its 250ish species are in the name genus Plantago. It is worldwide 113-023L 110.0110.00404M 011-016Q Plantain FamilyS Plantago U Plantain POACEAE GRAMINEAE POACEAE / GRAMINEAE (Grass Family) Annual or perennial herbs, or the bamboos and giant reeds woody, arising from fibrous roots or rhizomes, sometimes stoloniferous; stems usually terete, occasionally flattened, the internodes hollow or less commonly solid, often swollen at the nodes, simple or branched, generally from the base. Leaves alternate, fundamentally 2-ranked, parallel-veined, the lower portion (sheath) closely investing the stem at its base and either open, with membranous, of square needles, spirally arranged a Horned Pondweed Family The Horned Pondweeds are a small family with just 2 or 3 genera. They are submerged aquatic plants with slender leaves. Flowers are minute, lacking sepals and petals. We have a single species, which can be found in fresh water over much of the world. Horned Pondweed FamilyS Zannichellia Grasswrack ZYGOPHYLLACEAEB ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (Caltrop Family) Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves mostly opposite and pinnately lobed or compound; stipules membranous to leathery, often armed with spines, persistent. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, solitary on axillary peduncles; sepals (4) 5, free or nearly so; petals (4) 5, free, rarely lacking; stamens 5-15; pistil 1, the ovary superior, usually with 1 style and a lobed or entire stigma. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp separating into 5 hardened, spiB ny mericarps, rarely a drupe. ten overlapping margins, or closed and tubular, the narrow upper portion of the leaf (blade) free and flat or folded to inrolled, the lateral margins at the base of the blade sometimes prolonged as small, rounded to long-tapered appendages (auricles); the juncture of the sheath and blade on its dorsal surface (collar) usually marked by thickened tissues, a difference in coloration, or the presence of hairs, and on its ventral surface nearly always giving rise to an appendage (ligule) consi sting of a band of membranous tissue or a ring of hairs, the hairs sometimes borne on a membranous base. Flowers (florets) bisexual or, in a few species, unisexual (sometimes some of them sterile or rudimentary), solitary or 2-20 or more and then sessile and alternate on opposite sides of a short axis (rachilla), forming reduced spikes (spikelets), these 1-numerous and sessile or pedicelled at each node of a primary or secondary axis (rachis), the ultimate inflorescence a spike, raceme, or would work hard to get a meal from ours. Knotweed (Polygonum) Photo 2. These are heterogeneous and have been divided, with small-leaved wiry plants staying, and a large group of more leafy plants being separated into Persicaria. Dock / Sorrel (Rumex). Many species have very large leaves, often wavy. Flowers are green, wind-pollinated, and aggregated into large clusters. Seeds are in dry, winged fruits whose clusters are much more obvious than the flowers (Photo 3). Few plants areCZ of economic significance - Buckwheat and Rhubarb as food, and some as ornamental plants. eous or petaloid, in Rumex the inner series enlarging and becoming membranous at fruiting; stamens (3)6-9; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 1-chambered the styles 2 or 3(4) lacking ard the 2 or 3(4) stigmas sessile. Fruit a 3-angled or lenticular achene. and Gilia (a complicated genus that in the broad sense includes Gilia itself and others such as Ipomopsis). panicle; each spikelet normally closely subtended by 2 subopposite bracts (glumes); individual florets normally enclosed by 2 subopposite, usually dissimilar bracts, the outer bract (lemma) generally partially or completely enfolding the inner one (palea), the lemma either rounded on the back or folded along the midnerve and keeled, in some species the base of the lemma prolonged and hardened to form a more or less pointed structure (callus); perianth evidently lacking but usually represe nted by 2 (3) microscopic structures (lodicules) situated between the ovary and the lemma; stamens (1 or 2) 3 or in the bamboos 6, the anther sacs 2; ovary 1, superior, usually with 2 (1 or 3) free styles, each with a more or less featherlike stigma, occasionally the stigmas sessile. Fruit a solitary seed totally fused with the pericarp (caryopsis) and in some species the pericarp firmly adherent to the lemma and palea, or occasionally the seed essentially free of the pericarp and the frui um in small clusters subtended by a cuplike involucre and th iese variously arranged; sepals 3-6, in 1 or 2 series, free or fused to some degree below midlength, herbaceous or petaloid, in Rumex the inner series enlarging and becoming membranous at fruiting; stamens (3)6-9; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 1-chambered the styles 2 or 3(4) lacking ard the 2 or 3(4) stigmas sessile. Fruit a 3-angled or lenticular achene. cob's Ladder POLYGONACEAEB bered, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed, the style 1 with (1)3 linear stig Spores borne in thin-walled, mostly subglobose spore cases (sporangia), these generally grouped into round or elongate clusters (sori) and arising from the lower surface of the leaves, naked or more often covered, at least initially, by a membranous, scalelike, epidermal outgrowth (indusium) or by a more or less modified leaf margin, each sporangium mounted on a stalk and encircled by a ring of vertically-oriented, thickwalled cells (annulus). Gametophyte green, flat, thallus-like, monoeciC0ous, the sex organs borne on the lower surface. True Fern Family Fern Family cycle; once established, however, some of them such as the cosmopolitan Bracken Fern (Photo 2) can tolerate dry conditions. Nevertheless, most require damp shady places, and our area has many fewer than the Pacific Northwest. 101-024 070-002L 133-018M 122-006Q Wintergreen FamilyS Chimaphila Moneses Pyrola U*Pipsissewa Woodnymph Wintergreen Shinleaf RANUNCULACEAEB RANUNCULACEAE (Buttercup or Crowfoot Family) Herbs, shrubs, or woody vines. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite or whorled, simple or one or more times compound; stipules rarely present, vestigial in some species of Thalictrum or the petiole or leaf base sometimes expanded and stipule-like in Ranunculus. Flowers bisexual or, in species of Thalictrum and Clematis, unisexual (and the plants dioecious or monoecious), radially or bilaterally symmetrical; sepals 5 (3-15), free, green or petaen (Photo 1) are here, often growing next to each other in our few scraps of good habitat. Prince's Pine (Photo 3) is a tiny shrublet. t an achene. Grass Family From the economic viewpoint, the grass family exceeds all others in importance. Grasses provide cereal grains and sugar, the raw materials for the production of whisky, rum, and saki, and forage for animals. Moreover, turf grasses in the United States alone form the basis for a multi-billion dollar industry. As mentioned in the preface, species descriptions for all but monotypic genera are omitted in this family. Those interested in detailed descriptions of grass species, as they occur B in Utah and the Intermountain region, may refer to the excellent treatment by Arthur and Noel Holmgren (in Cronquist et al. 1977). rasses by the layman, but to tell them apart (even as far as knowing the genus) taxes even an experienced botanist. Apart from standouts such as corn and the Common Reed, th orm to rotate but mostly bellshaped, (4)5-lobed; stamens (4)5, arising from the corolla and alternate with the lobes, included or well exserted, often scale-appendaged at the base; pistil 1, the ovary superior (ours) or in a few species half inferior, 1- or 2-chambered, the style bifid at the apex or rarely the styles 2. Fruit a capsule; seeds 1-many, often pitted. Waterleaf FamilyQ Waterleaf FamilyS Hydrophyllum Nemophila Phacelia U"Waterleaf Nemophila Scorpionweed HYPERICACEAE GUTTIFERAE nts; the staminate flowers 1-several per spathe, the stamens (1)3-9(12) with anthers 2-celled; pistillate flowers 1 per spathe, the ovary inferior and 1-chambered, the 3-6 styles entire or 2- or 3-branched. Fruit dry or pulpy, linear to globose, indehiscent or rupturing irregularly; seeds few t PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family) Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, usually glabrous and often succulent to some degree. Leaves alternate or opposite, occasionally evidently whorled, simple and generally entire; stipules hairlike, membranous, or lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, solitary or in cymes, racemes, or panicles; sepals (actually bracts commonly interpreted as sepals) 2 and herbaceous or rarely 4-9 and wholly to partially petaloid, free, often unequal, nearly a lways persistent; petals (actually petaloid sepals commonly interpreted as petals) 5 (2-18), rarely lacking, free or fused at the base, often early deciduous; stamens mostly equal in number to the petals (in Lewisia to as many as 50), opposite and often basally fused with them; pistil 1, the ovary superior or partly inferior in Portulaca, 1-chambered, the style 1, sometimes short, the stigmas 1-8. Fruit a capsule splitting longitudinally into (2) 3 valves or circumscissile in Lewisia and P KU%Springbeauty Lewisia Montia Purslane POTAMOGETONACEAEB POTAMOGETONACEAE (Pondweed Family) Aquatic, perennial, rhizomatous herbs of fresh or brackish water, totally submerged or some of the leaves floating or rarely erect; stems terete or flattened, simple or branched. Leaves alternate (ours) or rarely opposite, simple, entire or rarely minutely toothed, the submerged blades usually narrower than the floating ones; stipules prominent, sheathing, free or fused with the leaf base, in some species soon deciduous. Flowers bisexual, ebracteate, s d as petals) 5 (2-18), rarely lacking, free or fused at the base, often early deciduous; stamens mostly equal in number to the petals (in Lewisia to as many as 50), opposite and often basally fused with them; pistil 1, the ovary superior or partly inferior in Portulaca, 1-chambered, the style 1, sometimes short, the stigmas 1-8. Fruit a capsule splitting longitudinally into (2) 3 valves or circumscissile in Lewisia and P chenes borne on a fleshy receptacle (strawberry) or enclosed in a fleshy floral tube (rose hip), the drupelets sometimes aggregated in a tight cluster (raspberry or blackberry). Rose Family s often have a ring of bracts alternating with the sepals (Photo 2), something that quickly separates the Buttercups from the Cinquefoils. Fruit usually develops below the sepals and petals, as seen in Photo 3, where the rose hip still has sepals attached. A floral brickellbush bristlegrass brome brookgrass broomrape buckthorn buckwheat buffaloberry bugleweed bugseed bulrush burdock burnet bushW buttercup butterweed cactusN california california poppy caltrop camas camissonia campion canary canary grass cancer-root caraway carrot mintt cat'sL cat's catchfly catchweed cattail cedar centaury centranthus chamomile checkermallow cherry chess chickweed chicory chrysanthemum cicelyF cinquefoil clarkia cleavers cliffbrake cliffrose clover cocklebur collomia columbine comandra coneflower conyza coontail coral coral cordgrass cottonI cotton thistleI cottonwood thistleI istleI thistleI thistleI h only Sunflower and Grass families being larger. They occur all over the world. Characteristically they have compound leaves, mostly feather-type, and ssed pods of a particular type ("legume"). However, these characters by themselves don't define the family members - there are exceptions both ways round. Immense economic importance for food, drugs and ornamentals, also for enriching soils with nitrogen. Many are very toxic, e.g. some, but not all, Astragalus. Within the Legumes are three quite distinctive groups, sometimes listed as separate families: Mimosa-type trees/shrubs; feathery leaves; petals insignificant; masses of showy stamens give bottlebrush effect. None native here. Acacia, Mimosa worldwide. Caesalpinia-type trees/shrubs; feathery leaves; petals showy; stamens showy. None native here, a few in Utah. Caesalpinia, Senna. Bean-type herbs to trees; leaves varied; petals showy; stamens us VITACEAEB VITACEAE (Grape Family) Deciduous or evergreen, sometimes monoecious, woody, tendril-bearing vines. Leaves mostly alternate, simple or compound; stipules present. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, radially symmetrical, perigynous or rarely hypogynous, in cymes or panicles; sepals 3-5 (7), arising with the petals and stamens at the margin of a hypogynous disc or from the receptacle when a disc is lacking, sometimes the sepals fused to form a short, entire rim; petals as many as the sepals oB r sometimes lacking; stamens equal in number to the petals and opposite them; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 2 (3-6)-chambered, with a head-shaped to peltate, sessile or subsessile stigma. Fruit a berry. Grape Family n Zion Canyon. 7d to "banish" some unwanted creature. Baneberry and Wolfsbane (another name for Monkshood) are examples from the Buttercup family. Our largest genus is the Buttercup (18 species). They contain some lovely plants, and some very ordinary ones, and are found in many habitats. Columbines are next with 5 species. 089-021L 034-029M 061-004Q Buttercup or Crowfoot FamilyScAconitum Actaea Adonis Anemone Aquilegia Caltha Clematis Delphinium Myosurus Ranunculus Thalictrum Monkshood Wolfbane Baneberry Pheasant's Eye Windflower Columbine Marsh Marigold Virgin's Bower Larkspur Mouse Tail Buttercup Crowfoot Meadowrue RHAMNACEAEB ce's Pine (Photo 3) is a tiny shrublet. partially petaloid, free, often unequal, nearly always persistent; petals (actually p etaloid sepals commonly interpreted as petals) 5(2-18), rarely lacking, free or fused at the base, often early deciduous; stamens mostly equal in number to the petals (in Lewisia to as many as 50), opposite and often basally fused with them; pistil 1, the ovary superior or partly inferior in Portulaca, 1-chambered, the style 1, sometimes short, the stigmas 1-8. Fruit a capsule splitting longitudinally into (2)3 valves or circumscissile in Lewisia and Portulaca; seeds 1-many, usually lens-s tube is often present, and may be saucer-shaped or tubular. You can immediately recognize many members of the family, but can't use a single criterion to identify new ones. We have over 40 species, with the Cinquefoils (genus Potentilla) being most numerous. 025-008L 039-031M 077-002Q Rose FamilyS Amelanchier Cercocarpus Cowania Crataegus Fragaria Holodiscus Ivesia Malus Petrophytum Physocarpus Potentilla Prunus Purshia Rubus Sanguisorba Sibbaldia Sorbus Serviceberry Mountain Mahogany Cliffrose Hawthorn Strawberry Avens Oceanspray Ivesia Apple Petrophytum Ninebark Cinquefoil Cherry Stone-fruits Bitterbrush Blackberry Raspberry Bramble Burnet Sibbaldia Mountain Ash ambered, the styles 1-5, free or rarely fused. Fruit a follicle, pome, drupe, drupelet, or achene, sometimes the a RA RUBIACEAEB RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, trees, or woody vines; stems terete or 4-angled. Leaves opposite or evidently whorled, simple and entire or sometimes toothed; stipules free or fused, sometimes as large as the leaves, the latter then appearing whorled. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, radially or occasionally bilaterally symmetrical, 3-5-merous, sympetalous, borne in panicles or cymes, occasionally in heads or solitary; sepals free or reduced to mere teeth or s; stems terete or 4-angled. Leaves opposite or evidently whorled, simple and entire or sometimes toothed; stipules free or fused, sometimes as large as the leaves, the latter then appearing whorled. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, radially or occasionally bilaterally symmetrical, 3-5-merous, sympetalous, borne in panicles or cymes, occasionally in heads or solitary; sepals free or reduced to mere teeth or s Fruit a follicle, pome, drupe, drupelet, or achene, sometimes the achen CACTACEAE (Cactus Family) Succulent, often spiny, herbaceous or woody perennials, with watery juice and a generally shallow system of slender, fleshy roots. Stems often greatly enlarged, fleshy, flattened or cylindric to globose, sometimes jointed and bearing regularly spaced, circumscribed areas (areoles),unique to the family Cactaceae, from which may arise branches, flowers, woolly hair, spines, and, in the genus Opuntia, clusters of fine short barbed bristles (glochids). Leaves vesti gial or in a few genera fleshy, subtending the areoles on new growth (minute in Opuntia), and soon falling (persistent only in the tropical genus Pereskia). Flowers bisexual, mostly radially symmetrical, and solitary; perianth segments usually numerous, the sepals and petals gradually intergrading, these and the staminal filaments fused below to form a short to elongate floral tube; stamens numerous; pistil 1, the ovary inferior and 1-chambered, the style 1 with 4-12 stigmas. Fruit a many- ngate SALVINIACEAE (Waterfern Family) Small, heterosporous, aquatic, fernlike herbs, free-floating or rarely stranded on mud, the sporophyte with branched threadlike stems and simple roots or stems essentially lacking and some of the leaves modified as roots. Leaves alternate or whorled, sessile or nearly so, simple, bilobed or dissected, often crowded and overlapping. Microsporangia and megasporangia thin-walled with no functional annulus, borne in separate sort, each sorus enveloped in a ba sally attached indusium and forming a soft, thin-walled sporocarp; the male sporocarp with 6-numerous microsporangia; the female sporocarp somewhat acorn-shaped, with a single megasporangium containing a single megaspore; 2 or more sporocarps developing on a common stalk, the latter arising from the stem at the base of the leaves. Gametophyte minute, usually nongreen, largely contained within the spore wall. geraniumi giant giving glabrousM glandR gland-dottedo glandsR glandularE glandular-pubescentp glaucousg glaux globoseC glochidsN glumes glycyrrhizad golden` gooseberryj goosefootW gourd[ gourds[ graduallyN grainsH gramineae granularG grape grass grasslike^ grayishW greatlyN greena The Snapdragon or Figwort family has some very strange, and some very familiar plants, including the Paintbrushes, the Penstemons, Louseworts, Mulleins, Monkeyflowers and Speedwells. Almost always they are herbs with leaves that are simple, and flowers that are bilaterally symmetrical (left and right sides are mirror images, otherwise not symmetrical - snapdragons are a classic example). Fruit in our species is a dry, 2-chambered capsule, usually held upright, and splitting across the top. Otherwise, there is tremendous variation, and the family is being divided into several smaller families. Before division the family is very large, with 3000 species in 200 genera, well represented in our area. Utah is the Penstemon capital of the world, with over 70 species. After division, only 4 of our 46 local species remain in the original family, and 3 of those are unwanted Eurasian weeds. A little reflection suggests the reason: the family was named for a European plant, and Americ Eing the leaves, arranged in 4 vertical rows, sharply keeled and forming an elongate, 4-angled, terminal cone, bisexual, with each lower sporophyll subtending a megasporangium and each upper sporophyll subtending a microsporangium; microspores numerous, yellow or orange; megaspores usually 3 or 4 per megasporangium, orange. Spikemoss FamilyIQThere is a single genus in the Spikemoss Family. See the genus for a description.Q Spikemoss.FamilyS Selaginella Spikemoss SOLANACEAEB us and overlapping, sessile, obscurely ligulate, oblong to lanceolate, not more than 5 mm long (ours), 1-nerved either all alike and spirally arranged or of 2 different kinds in 4 longitudinal rows. Sporophylls often outwardly resembl e filaments fused; pistil 1, the carpels commonly 2 or 3 (4-10), fused or free to some degree, in many species the tips free and divergent as beaklike projections at 1-chambered ovary and a style with 2-4 entire or bilobed stigmas, occasionally the style obsolete and the stigmas sessile. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule; seeds numerous, minute, each with a tuft of long white hairs arising from the base, wind-dispersed. Willow Family The Willow family consists of shrubs (some of them very tiny) and trees. Ninety percent of the nearly 400 species are Willows, and all but one of the rest are Poplars. Leaves are simple, alternate. Typically the male and female flowers are on separate plants (dioecious), and carried on catkins. They are wind-pollinated in Poplars, usually insect pollinated in Willows, and have no sepals or petals, just stamens (which can be numerous) or a single pistil. Fruits are capsules containing ma llow FamilyS Populus Salix ttonwoods. Ditchgrass FamilyQ Ditchgrass FamilyS Ruppia Family Description loosestrife loranthaceae lossZ lousewort louseworts lovely loverU low-growingB lowerP lowest madder madeA madroneb magentaB magnificente magnifierL mahogany maidenhair mainlyA majoity majorb majorityd makeM makesM making maleK mangoesE manyB mapleA maritima markers massesd matutinal maybeN meansG meatH medicinalG mediterraneanL medium medium-sized memberB membersB mendel's mereR mergedW merit mertensiaL Castilleja Collinsia Cordylanthus Limosella Linaria Mimulus Orthocarpus Pedicularis Penstemon Scrophularia Synthyris Verbascum Veronica Indian Paintbrush Blue-eyed Mary Birdsbeak Mudwort Toadflax Monkeyflower Owl Clover Lousewort Beardtongue Figwort Kittentails Mullein Speedwell SELAGINELLACEAEB SELAGINELLACEAE (Spikemoss Family) Evergreen herbs forming loose mats or dense tufts; mosslike in habit and appearance (temperate zone species); stems slender, prostrate, freely branched, with slender roots arising at some or all of the nodes. Leaves numerous and overlapping, sessile, obscurely ligulate, oblong to lanceolate, not more than 5 mm long (ours), 1-nerved either all alike and spirally arranged or of 2 different kinds in 4 longitudinal rows. Sporophylls often outwardly resembl e filaments fused; pistil 1, the carpels commonly 2 or 3 (4-10), fused or free to some degree, in many species the tips free and divergent as beaklike projections at The Grape family contains about 700 species of vines, nearly half of them in the genus Cissus. They are most diverse in the tropics and subtropics. Commercially, the most important members are the Wine Grape (Vitis vinifera) with many varieties grown for juice, wine and fruit, and Fox Grape or Concord (Vitis labrusca) grown for juice and fruit. Plants have alternate leaves, variously lobed or compound. Flowers are small and greenish, often of separate sexes. Clusters are on opposite sides T of the stem from leaves; the tendrils by which the plants climb are modified versions of flowring stems. Fruit is a berry with 4 seeds. None is native to our area, but Virginia Creeper is grown as an ornamental and sometimes establishes itself outside of cultivation. Further south, the Canyon Grape is native and abundant in Zion Canyon. sile or subsessile stigma. Fruit a berry. ly so; petals (4) 5, free, rarely lacking; stamens 5-15; pistil 1, the ovary superior, usually with 1 style and a lobed or entire stigma. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp separating into 5 hardened, spiB ny mericarps, rarely a drupe. d; stipules membranous to leathery, often armed with spines, persistent. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, solitary on axillary peduncles; sepals (4) 5, free or nearly so; petals (4) 5, free, rarely lacking; stamens 5-15; pistil 1, the ovary superior, usually with 1 style and a lobed or entire stigma. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp separating into 5 hardened, spiB ny mericarps, rarely a drupe. Tamarisk FamilyS Tamarix Tamarisk Salt Cedar ]A TYPHACEAEB TYPHACEAE (Cattail Family) Monoecious, rhizomatous, perennial herbs of wet places; stems simple, tall, jointless, pithy within. Leaves alternate, sessile, narrowly elongate, glabrous, sheathing at the base, spongy within. Flowers minute, unisexual, essentially naked, densely crowded in a terminal spikelike inflorescence, the staminate above the pistillate, the lower, pistillate portion of the spike cylindric, velvety, light to dark brown; staminate flowers usually subtended by pale brogions of Africa and Europe. Plants are shrubs and trees. Tamarisk is the only genus to have been transplanted here, where it has been a major invasive weed along river banks. semi-aquaticl semiaquatic| sepal sepalsA separateV separatingO septumM seriesI serrate sessileM setsg severalC several-seededg shadeM shallowN shallowlyM shape shapedG sharingG sharply sheath^ sheathingC sheathsa shielding shiny shootsK shortI short-clawed short-pedicelled] ctions at the apex of the ovary, the ovary superior or partially , perigynous or rarely hypogynous, in cymes or panicles; sepals 3-5 (7), arising with the petals and stamens at the margin of a hypogynous disc or from the receptacle when a disc is lacking, sometimes the sepals fused to form a short, entire rim; petals as many as the sepals oB r sometimes lacking; stamens equal in number to the petals and opposite them; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 2 (3-6)-chambered, with a head-shaped to peltate, sessile or subsessile stigma. Fruit a berry. Grape Family Mistletoe FamilyS Arceuthobium Phoradendron Dwarf Mistletoe Mistletoe ut in Valerian itself it consists of numerous segments that are inrolled during flowering. Once fruit sets, the segments unfurl to create a fluffy plume. We have 4 native and 1 introduced member of the family. Salt and Pepper (Plectritis) is a small annual of lower elevations; Valerians (Valeriana), three species of higher elevations; Red Valerian (Centranthus), a cultivated import, sometimes escaping. ounded by the modified, winged or plumose calyx lobes. vary on a basally long-hairy stipe, borne in small clusters on relatively stout short pedicels, subten Buckwheat Family The Buckwheat or Knotweed family has about 1100 species in 43 genera, widespread but especially prominent in north temperate regions. A common feature is small flowers with 5 or 6 small sepals/petals (sometimes called tepals) of rather papery texture. Leaves and stems are quite varied, but often contain oxalic acid. Main genera, well represented here, are: Buckwheat (Eriogonum) Photo 1. Small leaves, some part of plant hairy. Edible buckwheat is from a different genus (Fagopyrum) - onepistil 1, the ovary superior and 1-chambered the styles 2 or 3(4) lacking ard the 2 or 3(4) stigmas sessile. Fruit a 3-angled or lenticular achene. sters. Seeds are in dry, winged fruits whose clusters are much more obvious than the flowers (Photo 3). nly with folds or saclike appendages in the throat, these collectively comprising a crest; stamens 5, arising from the corolla tube alternate with its lobes, the anthers included or infrequently exserted; pistil 1, the ovary superior, deeply 4-lobed or rarely entire, the style 1 or rarely lacking, entire or 2(4)-cleft at the apex, arising from the summit of the ovary or more often from the ventral surface of the lobes and appearing to be a prolongation of the receptacle (gynobase). Fruit oCgf 4 nutlets (fewer by abortion), individually attached to the gynobase and splitting away at maturity. Borage Family bed tube, often flattened as in Forget-me-nots; 3) fruits come in packets of 4 "nutlets", sometimes covered with hooked spines, and so sticking to clothing. Our common local members include: Stickseed (Hackelia), Bluebell (Mertensia), Houndstongue (Cynoglossum), Stoneseed (Lithosperm and subtended by a whorl of bracts; flowers bisexual or unisexual, often showy, radially symmetrical, sepals 3, greenish, persistent, petals 3, white to pinkish or purple-tinged, deciduous, rarely lacking; stamens (3)6-many, included, the anthers 2-celled, pistils several to numerous, free, the ovary superior, 1-chambered, the style often persistent and beaklike on the fruit. Fruit of achenes borne on the receptacle in a ring or in a globose headlike cluster, or the fruit dehiscent and wiC th more than 1 seed. Water Plantain FamilyQ Water Plantain FamilyS Alisma Sagittaria Water Plantain Arrowhead AMARANTHACEAEB e elongate petioles sheathing the scape, the blades initially lacking but ultimately linear, elliptic, or arrowhead-shaped, with prominent longitudinal nerves and transverse veinlets. Inflorescence simple or compound, the pedicels often in whorls CAPPARACEAE / CAPPARIDACEAE (Caper Family) Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees, frequently malodorous. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, simple or (ours) palmately compound with 3-11 leaflets; stipules lacking or reduced to minute glands. Flowers bisexual (ours), radially or bilaterally symmetrical, solitary in leaf axils or few to numerous in conspicuously bracteate, terminal racemes; sepals 4(8), free or partially united; petals 4 to rarely numerous or lacking, free, someti mes clawed at the base and rounded to obtuse at the apex; a unilateral nectary gland in the form of a ligulate to scalelike structure usually situated between the petals and the stamens; stamens 4-many, occasionally fused at the base, equal to or much exceeding the petals; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1-chambered, generally stipitate. Fruit indehiscent or (ours) a 2-valved, 1-chambered, generally stipitate capsule; seeds few to many, compressed, orbicular or ovate to kidney-shaped, smooth mooth ily Viscaceae. Mistletoe Family Mistletoes are a moderate family (7 genera, 550 species) of plants that are parasitic on trees. The European Viscum album (the Mistletoe) has played a part in many legends, and was central to the Druid ceremonies. Probably this was associated with the fact that the mistletoe remained green through the winter while the host tree appeared to have died. It may have been the Golden Bough of Aeneas. They are shrubs or herbs which attach themselves to a tree branch by invasive organs called "ha toe and Fir Dwarf Mistletoe. There is a second family of mistletoes, the tropical Loranthaceae, which have large showy flowers and are bird pollinated. Mistletoe Family in the fam herbs, as well as shrubs and trees. Many features indicate a close relationship with the Mint family, though they rarely have a pronounced odor. Leaves are mostly opposite or whorled, the stems sometimes square. Flowers are 4- or 5-parted We have just 2 species, both in the Verbena genus. One is a s Hmall prostrate plant growing in dry disturbed places, the other an erect plant of moist low ground. Another large genus is Lantana, which is widespread in the tropics, and sometimes used as ornamentals (Photo 3). Sand Verbena does not belong here, but its flower heads are generally reminiscent of some members of this family. or plumose calyx lobes. Valerian Family lerian Family Bur Reed FamilyS Sparganium U Bur Reed TAMARICACEAEB TAMARICACEAE (Tamarisk Family) Herbs, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves alternate, well developed to scalelike; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, solitary or in spikes or spikelike racemes; sepals and petals 4-6, free, stamens 4-numerous, the filaments confluent with or arising below a fleshy hypogynous disc; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1-chambered, with 3-5 styles. Fruit a 3-5-valved capsule; seeds numerous, minute, hairy or with an apical tuft of hairs. Tamarisk Family The Tamarisk family has about 5 genera and 100 species in Eurasia and the Mediterranean regions of Africa and Europe. Plants are shrubs and trees. Tamarisk is the only genus to have been transplanted here, where it has been a major invasive weed along river banks. stigmas. Fruit of achenes or achenelike, VISCACEAE (Mistletoe Family) Aerial, monoecious or dioecious shrubs or herbs parasitic on branches of other angiosperms or gymnosperms; stems often brittle, with swollen, jointed nodes, frequently much branched. Leaves evergreen, opposite, leathery, simple and entire, or in some species reduced to scales. Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual, apetalous, solitary or clustered at the nodes or in axillary spikes or cymes; the sepals 2-4, free, erect, persistent in fruit,; staminate flowers wit h 2-4 stamens, these free or fused to the base of the sepals; the anthers 1- or 2-celled and usually sessile; pistillate flowers with an inferior, 1-chambered ovary, the style 1, the stigma entire. Fruit fleshy, berrylike, 1-seeded. Traditionally, the American mistletoes have been placed in the family Loranthaceae, which was divided into two subfamilies, the Loranthoideae and Viscoideae. Barlow (1964) raised the subfamilies to the status of families, placing all American species in the fam merged, aquatic, dioecious or monoecious herbs from slender rhizomes. Leaves alternate or opposite, occasionally appearing whorled at some of the nodes, the blades linear, entire, occasionally undeveloped on sheaths subtending flowers; stipules membranous, sheathing, free or fused to the base of the blade with the tips usually free and ligulelike. Flowers minute, unisexual, perianth lacking, axillary, solitary or in cymes, the staminate and cpistillate often in the same leaf axil; staminate flowers ebracteate or subtended by 3 membranous scales, the stamens 1-3, the anthers (1)2-celled; pistillate flowers ebracteate, consisting of (1)2-9 free pistils, the style short to long, the stigma broad, asymmetrically peltate or head-shaped, rarely 2-4-lobed. Fruit a sessile or short-stalked achene. Horned Pondweed Family 113-050L 113-026Q Grape FamilyS Parthenocissus U Woodbine ZANNICHELLIACEAEB ZANNICHELLIACEAE (Horned Pondweed Family) Submerged, aquatic, dioecious or monoecious herbs from slender rhizomes. Leaves alternate or opposite, occasionally appearing whorled at some of the nodes, the blades linear, entire, occasionally undeveloped on sheaths subtending flowers; stipules membranous, sheathing, free or fused to the base of the blade with the tips usually free and ligulelike. Flowers minute, unisexual, perianth lacking, axillary, solitary or in cymes, the staminate and epistillate often in the same leaf axil; staminate flowers ebracteate or subtended by 3 membranous scales, the stamens 1-3, the anthers (1) 2-celled; pistillate flowers ebracteate, consisting of (1) 2-9 free pistils, the style short to long, the stigma broad, asymmetrically peltate or head-shaped, rarely 2-4-lobed. Fruit a sessile or short-stalked achene. VITACEAEB Tree-of-heaven Family The Tree-of-heaven family has about 100 species of trees and shrubs, widespread in the tropics and subtropics. A few are used as ornamentals, of which Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus) is common locally. It is a fairly frequent escape that becomes established. Tree-of-heaven FamilyS Tree-of-heaven AMARYLLIDACEAEB Amaryllis Family EThe Amaryllis family has no native members in our area, though some occur elsewhere in the U.S. Some of our most spectacular ornamental bulb plants have been developed from the family: daffodils and amaryllis being notable. Hardy members such as the daffodil sometimes persist in the wild along roadsides and around dumps. Amaryllis FamilyU Daffodil ARALIACEAEB Ginseng FamilyQ Ginseng FamilyU Hedera Make list Inspect Startup Genera get Genera per Family Gen per Fam informal A Make list family juniper family conifer family dodder family dogbane family dogwood family goosefoot family honeysuckle family Taxonomists specializing in ferns disagree as to whether this large group, containing most of the plants commonly known as ferns, is composed of one or many families. De la Sota (1973) regards division of the polypodioid ferns into four families as being the most natural of several proposals for classification. Cronquist (in Cronquist et al. 1972) retains the single family concept on the basis that the group forms a natural unit that cannot usefully be broken down into smaller, more homogeB neous families. have roots, vessels for transporting fluids, and leaves with chlorophyll. Ferns are dependent on free-standing water at one stage of their life cycle; once established, however, some of them such as the cosmopolitan Bracken Fern (Photo 2) can tolerate dry conditions. Nevertheless, most require damp shady places, and our area has many fewer (19) than a comparable area in the Pacific Northwest. Our plants range from the small and inconspicuous cranny dwellers throu ACERACEAE AIZOACEAE ALISMATACEAE AMARANTHACEAE ANACARDIACEAE APIACEAE APOCYNACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE ASTERACEAE BERBERIDACEAE BETULACEAE BORAGINACEAE BRASSICACEAE CACTACEAE CALLITRICHACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CANNABACEAE CANNABINACEAE CAPPARACEAE CAPPARIDACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE CELASTRACEAE CERATOPHYLLACEAE CHENOPODIACEAE COMPOSITAE CONVOLVULACEAE CORNACEAE CRASSULACEAE CRUCIFERAE CUCURBITACEAE CUPRESSACEAE CUSCUTACEAE CYPERACEAE DIPSACACEAE ELAEAGNACEAE EQUISETACEAE ERICACEAE EUPHORBIA FABACEAE FAGACEAE FRANKENIACEAE FUMARIACEAE GENTIANACEAE GERANIACEAE GRAMINEAE GROSSULARIACEAE GUTTIFERAE HALORAGACEAE HALORAGIDACEAE HIPPOCASTANACEAE HIPPURIDACEAE HYDROCHARITACEAE HYDROPHYLLACEAE HYPERICACEAE IRIDACEAE ISOETACEAE JUNCACEAE JUNCAGINACEAE LABIATAE LAMIACEAE LEGUMINOSAE LEMNACEAE LILIACEAE LIMNANTHACEAE LINACEAE LOASACEAE LYTHRACEAE MALVACEAE MARSILEACEAE NAJADACEAE NYCTAGINACEAE ONAGRACEAE OPHIOGLOSSACEAE ORCHIDACEAE OROBANCHACEAE OXALIDACEAE PAPAVERACEAE PINACEAE purslaneB pussytoes quillwort rabbitbrush radish ragweed raspberry redtop reedgrass orchid resinweed ricegrass jasmine rock-brake rockcress rocket rose{ mallow{ rubia rusha russianW russian olive` russian thistleW ryegrass sagebrush sainfoin salsify cedar saltbush saltgrass saltwort samphire sand~ verbena~ sandbur sandspurrey sandwort saxifrage scorpionweed scorzonella scouringa scouring rusha scrambledg scrambled eggsg scurfpea milkwort purslaneB sedge seepweed segov lilyv lilyv lilyv pweedW ided into two subfamilies, the Loranthoideae and Viscoideae. Barlow (1964) raised the subfamilies to the status of families, placing all American species in the fam UISETACEAE ERICACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE FABACEAE FAGACEAE FRANKENIACEAE FUMARIACEAE GENTIANACEAE GERANIACEAE GRAMINEAE GROSSULARIACEAE GUTTIFERAE HALORAGACEAE HALORAGIDACEAE HIPPOCASTANACEAE HIPPURIDACEAE HYDROCHARITACEAE HYDROPHYLLACEAE HYPERICACEAE IRIDACEAE ISOETACEAE JUNCACEAE JUNCAGINACEAE LAMIACEAE LABIATAE LEGUMINOSAE LEMNACEAE LILIACEAE LIMNANTHACEAE LINACEAE LOASACEAE LYTHRACEAE MALVACEAE MARSILEACEAE MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE NAJADACEAE NYCTAGINACEAE ONAGRACEAE OPHIOGLOSSACEAE ORCHIDACEA OROBANCHACEAE OXALIDACEAE PAPAVERACEAE PINACEAE PLANTAGINACEAE POACEAE POLEMONIACEAE POLYGONACEAE POLYPODIACEAE PORTULACACEAE POTAMOGETONACEAE PRIMULACEAE PYROLACEAE RANUNCULACEAE RHAMNACEAE ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE RUPPIACEAE SALICACEAE SALVINIACEAE SANTALACEAE SAXIFRAGACEAE SCROPHULARIACEAE SELAGINELLACEAE SIMAROUBACEAE SOLANACEAE SPARGANIACEAE TAMARICACEAE TYPHACEAE ULMACEAE UMBELLIFERAE URTICACEAE VALERIANACEAE VERBENACEAE VIOLACEAE VISCACEAE VITACEAE ZANNICHELLIACEAE ZYGOPHYLLACEAE ColumnsB or breaking transversely into 1- or 2-seeded segments, more commonly opening from below by 2 valves, the valves ultimately falling, the membranous replum persistent, enclosed in the framelike, ovule-bearing marg Yarrow Mountain Dandelion Ragweed Pearly Everlasting Pussytoes Chamomile Dogfennel Burdock Arnica Sagebrush Wormwood Aster Balsamroot Lawn Daisy English Daisy Beggarticks Brickellbush Thistle Knapweed Dusty Maiden Chamomile Chrysanthemum Rabbitbrush Chicory Thistle Conyza Hawksbeard Fleabane Joe-Pye Weed Boneset Cudweed Everlasting Gumweed Resinweed Goldenweed Sneezeweed Little Sunflower Sunflower Golden Aster Hawkweed Hymenoxys Sumpweed Povertyweed Lettuce Nipplewort Layia Leucelene Skele tonweed Tansyaster Tarweed Mayweed Scorzonella Cotton Thistle Perityle Petradoria Psilocarphus Coneflower Groundsel Butterweed Goldenrod Sowthistle Sphaeromeria Dandelion Horsebrush Townsendia Goatsbeard Salsify Oysterplant Goldeneye Mulesears Cocklebur Matchweed Cutleaf BERBERIDACEAEB bind@ buffaloberry bulrush@ carrying@ Family Description Columns Family DescriptionB bindweedX biochemicalZ birchK birchesK bisexual bittersweetU bladderyT blade bluebellL bluebellsL blueberriesb bluesX borageL borneD botanicalF botanist botanistsE bothI bottlebrushd bottom bough bouncingT bower bracken bractsI branch branched branchesE brassicaM breathT brightX brightly brilliantB bringM bristlesI brittle broad broad-leavedN broaderE broadly broccoliM brokenY broomrape brownish buckthorn buckwheat buffaloberry` built ANTAGINACEAE POACEAE POLEMONIACEAE POLYGONACEAE POLYPODIACEAE PORTULACACEAE POTAMOGETONACEAE PRIMULACEAE PYROLACEAE RANUNCULACEAE RHAMNACEAE ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE RUPPIACEAE SALICACEAE SALVINIACEAE SANTALACEAE SAXIFRAGACEAE SCROPHULARIACEAE SELAGINELLACEAE SIMAROUBACEAE SOLANACEAE SPARGANIACEAE TAMARICACEAE TYPHACEAE ULMACEAE UMBELLIFERAE URTICACEAE VALERIANACEAE VERBENACEAE VIOLACEAE VISCACEAE VITACEAE ZANNICHELLIACEAE ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Adder's Tongue Family Alkali Heath Family Amaranth Family Arrowgrass Family Barberry Family Bean Family Beech or Oak Family Bellflower Family Birch Family Blazing Star Family Borage Family Broomrape Family Buckthorn Family Buckwheat Family Bur Reed Family Buttercup or Crowfoot Family Cabbage Family Cactus Family Caltrop Family Caper Family Carpetweed Family Carrot Family Cattail Family Chestnut Family Composite, Sunflower or Daisy Fam Crowfoot Family Currant or Gooseberry Family Daisy Fam ed Family VDEFA( Family List FMRLA Wasatch Genera o Data HD 1 Wasatch Genera.fmB Photo Data HD 1 o Data HD 2 Wasatch Genera.fmB Photo Data HD 1C Photo Data HD 2 o Data HD 3 Wasatch Genera.fmB Photo Data HD 1C Photo Data HD 2D Photo Data HD 3 horsetail familya irisp familyp john'so juniper\ juniper family\ legumed legume familyd lilyv familyv loosestrifez loosestrife familyz madder madder family mallow{ mallow family{ mapleA maple familyA mare'sl mare's familyl meadowfoamw meadowfoam familyw milfoilk milkweedH milkweed familyH mintt familyt mistletoe mistletoe family morningX morning glory familyX mustardM mustard cabbage familyM nettle nettle family nightshade nightshade potato family familye oleaster` oleaster family` orchid orchid family parsleyF parsley carrot familyF familyd pepperwort| pepperwort family| phlox phlox family family pinkT familyT plantainC plantain family pondweed treeU fumitoryg fumitory familyg gentianh gentian familyh geraniumi geranium familyi ginseng ginseng family gloryX gooseberryj gooseberry familyj goosefootW goosefoot familyW gourd[ gourd family[ grape grape family grass grass family harebellP harebell bellflower familyP heathb heath familyb hempQ familyQ honeysuckleS honeysuckle familyS horned horned pondweed family hornwortV hornwort familyV horsetaila cactusN cactus familyN caltrop caltrop family caperR caper familyR carpetweedB carpetweed familyB carrotF carrot familyF cattail cattail family chestnut chestnut family compositeI composite sunflower daisy familyI conifer\ conifer family\ crowfoot crowfoot family currantj currant gooseberry familyj cypress\ cypress family\ daisyI daisy familyI family evening evening primrose family familyA figwort flaxx familyx four-o'clock~ four-o'clock family~ frogbitm frogbit familym pondweed family poppy poppy family potato potato family primrose primrose family purslane purslane family quillwortq quillwort familyq family rushr familyr sandalwood sandalwood family saxifrage saxifrage family sedge^ sedge family^ snapdragon snapdragon figwort family spikemoss spikemoss family spurgec spurge familyc john's familyo stafftreeU stafftreeU ftreeU ditchgrass ditchgrass family dodder] dodder family] dogbaneG dogbane familyG dogwoodY dogwood familyY duckweedu duckweed familyu family evening evening primrose family familyA family figwort figwort family flaxx familyx four-o'clock~ four-o'clock family~ frogbitm frogbit familym frogbit familym amilym 051-024L 051-023M 050-003Q Elm FamilyS Celtis Ulmus Hackberry URTICACEAEB URTICACEAE (Nettle Family) Monoecious or dioecious herbs or rarely small trees, shrubs or vines, sometimes with stinging hairs. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate; stipules present or lacking in Parietaria. Flowers inconspicuous, green or yellowish, unisexual or rarely bisexual, radially symmetrical, axillary, in small clusters or in spikes or panicles; sepals 4 or 5, more or less fused; petals lacking; stamens equal in number to the sepals and opposite them; pistil 1, the ovary superBjior and 1-chambered, the style 1 or lacking, the stigma tufted or threadlike. Fruit an achene or a drupe. Nettle Family of our Jordan River Parkway (Photo 3). Will remain in ULMACEAE. ely dehiscent. Link 3B Image 1B Image 2B Image 3B Other commonB GeneraB Genera per FamilyB gGeneraB G per F informalB photosN photosynthesis picea picture pigweedD pimpernel pincushionN pine\ pines pines carry their needles little spurs bundles pinkM pinksT pinus pistachiosE pistil placeN placed places^ plain plantE plantago plantain plantings plantsB playM played pleasant plectritis plentiful plume plumed plumesI plump plums PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Family) Annual or perennial, often scapose herbs. Leaves simple or pinnately compound in some aquatic species, alternate or opposite to rarely whorled; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, 5 (4-9)-merous, sympetalous to some degree or in Glaux apetalous, axillary and solitary or in racemes, or terminal in umbels; stamens equal in number to and opposite the petals, arising from the corolla or at the base of the ovary, staminodia rarely present; B pistil 1, the ovary superior or in a few species inferior, 1-chambered, the style 1 with a usually globose stigma. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent along the 2-6 (7)-valves or in a few species circumscissile; seeds few to numerous. Primrose Family he ornamental plants, which include Primula, Cyclamen, Pimpernel (Anagallis) and Loosestrife (Lysimachia). ustoria", in principle similar to those of dodder. Stems are usually brittle and much branched. Leaves are evergreen, but often reduced to little more than scales. Flowers are unisexual, carried on the same or different plants. They are inconspicuous, lacking petals. Fruits are berries whose sticky flesh enables the seeds to adhere to tree branches. Mistletoes vary as to how specific they are in their choice of host plant, some being confined to just one. We have two species, one from eaC ch of two genera, neither of them common locally: they are the Juniper Mistletoe and Fir Dwarf Mistletoe. There is a second family of mistletoes, the tropical Loranthaceae, which have large showy flowers and are bird pollinated. Mistletoe FamilyS Arceuthobium Phoradendron Dwarf Mistletoe Mistletoe VALERIANACEAE (Valerian Family) Herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves simple or pinnately compound, opposite; stipules lacking. Flowers small, bisexual or unisexual (and the plants generally dioecious), radially or bilaterally symmetrical, arranged in loose to compact cymose clusters; calyx small or obsolete, in some species the lobes inrolled at flowering, very narrow but elongate and conspicuously plumose at fruiting; corolla funnelform to nearly salverform, the tube sometimes unilaterally v pouched or spurred, the limb mostly 5-lobed and often more or less 2-lipped; stamens 3 (1-4), arising near the base of the corolla tube and alternate to the lobes; pistil 1, the ovary inferior, 1-3-chambered, only one chamber seed-bearing, the style 1 with a simple or 2- or 3-lobed stigma. Fruit an achene, often surrounded by the modified, winged or plumose calyx lobes. portionA portulaca portulacaceae portulacaceae purslane family potamogetonaceae potamogetonaceae pondweed family potato pouchu pouchedM pouchesb presence presentM prickles} primaryB primrose primulaceae primulaceae primrose family process procumbent~ producedI projections rachilla rachis radiallyA ranksp ranunculus rarelyB raspberry togetherH tongue tootha toothedF toothlike totally towardV traditionally trailing[ translucent} transverseC transverselyM treeU tree-of-heaven treesA rnate simple serrate entire tuberculateR tuberousp tubersv tubesF tubularI tuftG tuftedO turning] twiceU twigs\ twining] twistedi types[ typicallyF 002-030L 133-028M 047-012Q Verbena or Vervain FamilyS Verbena Vervain bA VIOLACEAEB VIOLACEAE (Violet Family) Annual or perennial herbs, vines, shrubs, or trees. Leaves simple or occasionally compound, alternate or rarely opposite; stipules present. Flowers bisexual, mostly bilaterally symmetrical, 5-merous, solitary or variously clustered; sepals free or slightly fused at the base, usually persistent in fruit; petals free, the lower petal usually the largest and pouched or spurred at the base; stamens alternate with the petals and usually connivent around the pistil;B pistil 1, the ovary superior and 1-chambered, with a solitary style and a diversely shaped stigma. Fruit a berry or an explosively dehiscent capsule opening along 3 valves. Violet Family 02-030M 047-012Q Verbena or Vervain FamilyS Verbena The Violet family has about 1000 species, mostly herbs of temperate regions. More than half of these are in the very familiar Violet genus itself (Viola). Leaves are usually simple and alternate. Flowers are mostly bilaterally symmetrical, with each side a mirror image of the other. They are 5-parted, the sepals free or joined at the base, the petals free. Petals are usually colorful, the lowest usually the largest, and having a spur or pouch. Fruit is a berry or a dry capsule. Colors areBf frequently in the blues, yellows and whites. Only Viola occurs in our area, with 10 species present. 061-025L 053-019M 025-025Q Violet FamilyS Viola Violet cA VISCACEAEB Violet Family angiosperms angled^ anglesF annualC annual perennial herbs rarely shrubs trees leaves annual perennial herbs usually dioecious leaves alternateQ annual perennial herbs species woody-based stemsT annual perennial herbs shrubs trees leaves opposite annual perennial herbs small shrubs leaves opposite annual perennial herbs shrubs rarely small trees stemst annually annualsa annulus perennial herbs rarely small shrubs leaves altei ringC rivaledt rootlessV rootsC rootstockC rosaceae rosaceae family rosemaryt rosette-formingM rosettesO rostellum rotateH round roundedR rowsT rubiaceae rubiaceae madder family rudimentaryq rumex ruppiaceae ruppiaceae ditchgrass family rupturingm rushr saclikeH sacsH saddlebagsH saget salicaceae salicaceae willow family salinem ctureF styleB stylesA stylopodiumF submergedC submerged emergent annual perennial scapose herbs withC subshrubsB subtendedC succulentB superiorA surmountedG swollenF symmetricalA sympetalousG teethF terminalA ternatelyA thanC theseB thickenedC umbelsF unarmedj unattachedm unbranched^ under underground undeveloped undividedI unequal~ unequally uniformly unilateralR unilaterallyS unionM uniqueN unisexualA unitedA upwardi usedR usuallyA utricleD valvesM variableJ varieties[ variouslyG vegetable[ vegetativeu veinletsC velumq velvety ventralL verticalF vertically-oriented veryk corollaG coronaH corymbsA coveredQ crassulaceaeZ crassulaceae stonecrop familyZ creamy crestL crestedg crossF crosswised crowdedD crowfoot cruciferaeM cucumber[ cucumis[ cucurbita[ cucurbitaceae[ cucurbitaceae gourd family[ culinaryt cultivatedt cup-shaped_ cuplikeE cupressaceae\ cupressaceae cypress juniper family\ curled currantj cuscutaceae] cuscutaceae dodder family] cylindricG cymesG dehiscingD dense denselyD depressionsW describedI description descriptionsi developedd developing diadelphousd dichotomouslyV didynamous differQ difference different differentiatedu salverformG salviniaceae salviniaceae waterfern family samaraA sameh sandalwood sanguisorba santalaceae santalaceae sandalwood family saprophytic sativus[ saucer-shaped` savoryt saxifragaceaej saxifragaceae grossulariaceae saxifrage family saxifrage scaleW scale-appendagedn scalelikeR scalesI scaly scapeC scapesC scaposeC schizocarpF scrophulariaceae scrophulariaceae snapdragon figwort family scurfyW secondaryB sectionF secundn sedge^ seedC seed-bearing seededX seedlings] seedsA seenu segmenta stigmasB stigmaticH stingingy stipeT stipes stipitateM stipular stipule stipule-like stipulesA stoloniferous stonecropZ stoutT straightena stranded strap-shapedI strawberry striateM strobilusa stronglyM structureF structuresH stylari styleB sympetalousG timesM internodesa interposed interpretedH interrupted_ intervals intoA invertedb invested` investingQ involucelF involucralI involucrate~ involucreF iridaceaep iridaceae familyp irisp irregularlyD isatisM isoetaceaeq isoetaceae quillwort familyq itselfI john'so joinedH jointedN jointless juiceC juncaceaer juncaceae familyr juncaginaceaes juncaginaceae arrowgrass familys juncture juniper\ juniperus\ just] keeld keeled keysi kidney-shapedR kindsI known[ l-seededt legumed lengthf lengthwised longitudinalC longitudinallyJ loose looselyW loosestrifez loranthaceae loranthoideae perennial herbs dwarf shrubs leaves usually evergreen lowerH lowermostr lythraceaez lythraceae loosestrife familyz madder mainl male\ mallow{ malodorousR malvaceae{ malvaceae mallow family{ manyB many-barbedy many-chambered many-seededN mapleA mare'sl marginE marginsF marjoramt marked markedly marrow[ marsileaceae| marsileaceae pepperwort family| massH massesG matureI matures maturing maturityA outerA outermostI outgrowthH ovariesG ovaryA overH overlappingA ovuleF pairH pairsH bractletsF bractlikez bractsC branchedM branchesI branching} brassicaceaeM brassicaceae cruciferae mustard cabbage familyM breakingM bristleI bristle-tippedV bristlelikeL bristlesI bristly brittleV broadp broaderO broomrape brown] brownisha buckthorn buckwheat bulblets bulbsp burliked buttercup cabbageM cactaceaeN cactaceae cactus familyN cactusN thatB adder's tongue family comprises small group unusual amaryllis family native members thoug barberry family small about genera beech family about species genera bellflower family worldwide distribution consistinP birch family consists genera trees shrubs woodyB woody-basedT woollyN workers worldH worto wounda year's years yellowM yellowishW zannichelliaceae zannichelliaceae horned pondweed family zygophyllaceae zygophyllaceae caltrop family adder's adder's tongue family alkalif alkali heath familyf amaranthD amaranth familyD amaryllis amaryllis family arrowgrasss arrowgrass familys barberryJ barberry familyJ beand familyd beeche beech familye bellflowerP bellflower familyP birchK birch familyK blazingy blazing familyy borageL borage familyL broomrape broomrape family buckthorn buckthorn family buckwheat buckwheat family family buttercup buttercup crowfoot family cabbageM cabbage familyM meadowfoamw mealyW means[ measurementi medialF medicinal mediterraneanR megasporangia megasporangiumq megaspore| megaspores| membersQ membranousB mereS merelyh mericarpF mericarpsF merous[ mesembryanthemaceaeB microscopic microsporangiaq microsporangium microspores| middlen midlength midnerve midribd milfoilk milkweedH milkyC mintt minuteD minutelyO mistletoe mistletoes modifiedc moistw monadelphousd monadelphousd monadelphousd monadelphousd le-bearingM pairH pairsH antherH anthersC anthocarp~ apart{ apetaiouse apetalousB apexH apiaceaeF apiaceae umbelliferae parsley carrot familyF apicalG apicallyF apocynaceaeG apocynaceae dogbane familyG appearance appearingB appendageH appendagedI appendagesL appressed\ aquaticO aquatic rootless herbs submerged free-floating monoeciousV aquatic usually dioecious perennial herbs fresh salinem areasN areolesN ariseN arisingA alternaj foldedH foldsL follicleG folliclesH followingH forked formF formedM former formingH formsO four-o'clock~ foxglove fragilew framelikeM frankeniaceaef frankeniaceae alkali heath familyf freeA free-floatingV freedH freely frequentlyJ freshm fringed] frogbitm fromC fruiting functional monoeciousE monoecious resinous trees shrubs leaves evergreen monolepisW monotypicl moraceaeQ moreC mosslike mostH mostlyC mounted muchH much-dissectedF multiple{ mustardM najadaceae} najadaceae waternymph family} nakedG narrowH narrower narrowly] nearF nearlyD ovariesG ovaryA overH overlappingA ovuleF ovule-bearingM pairH pairsH staminalH staminateI staminode staminodesx staminodia staninateV stanminatec stary starwortO status stellate` stemM stemsN sterileB stifflya stigmaG Valerian Family The Valerian family consists of about 300 species in 13 genera, the great majoity in Valerian itself, and half the others in the closely related Lamb's Lettuce genus (Valerianella). They are herbs with an unpleasant smell, leaves opposite. Flowers are in various types of cluster. The calyx is highly unusual: it is completely absent from many genera, but in Valerian itself it consists of numerous segments that are inrolled during flowering. Once fruit sets, the segments unfurl to create a fluffy plume. We have 4 native and 1 introduced member of the family. Salt and Pepper (Plectritis) is a small annual of lower elevations; Valerians (Valeriana), three species of higher elevations; Red Valerian (Centranthus), a cultivated import, sometimes escaping. ounded by the modified, winged or plumose calyx lobes. singleF sinusn sinuses] sitesw situatedR size] slenderF slightlyC smallD smallerg smoothM snapdragon inglyV specializedb speciesE sphericala spikelets^ spikesD spinelikeV spinesN spinosaR spinyN spirallyK splittingA spongy[ sporangiaa spore-bearinga sporesa spreadingK spurK spurredS squashes[ stalkedc stalksa stamenB stamensA takeni tamaricaceae tamaricaceae tamarisk family tamarisk teasel_ teethF temperate tendril-bearing tendrils[ terete^ termedd terminalA terminally terminatingI ternatelyA terrestrialO terreter tetrads tetradynamousM thalictrum thalloidu thallusu thallus-like thanC thatQ thick-walled thickenedC thickwalled thinW lumber\ luxuryN lysimachia madder madeA madroneb magentaB magnificente magnifierL mahogany maidenhair mainlyA majoity majorb majorityd makeM makesM making maleK mangoesE manyB mapleA maritima markers massesd matutinal maybeN meansG meatH medicinalG mediterraneanL medium medium-sized memberB membersB mendel's mereR mergedW merit mertensiaL ovulesS oxalic oxalidaceae oxalidaceae woodsorrel family pairH pairsH palea palmatelyA paniclep paniclesA papaveraceae papaveraceae poppy family paperyK papilionaceousd papilionoideaed papilloseT pappusI parallelF parallel-veinedv parasitic] parietaria parsleyF The Verbena or Vervain family is a large one, though not well represented in our area. There are about 2600 species in 100 genera, mostly around the tropics. They include annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs and trees. Many features indicate a close relationship with the Mint family, though they rarely have a pronounced odor. Leaves are mostly opposite or whorled, the stems sometimes square. Flowers are 4- or 5-parted We have just 2 species, both in the Verbena genus. One is a s Hmall prostrate plant growing in dry disturbed places, the other an erect plant of moist low ground. Another large genus is Lantana, which is widespread in the tropics, and sometimes used as ornamentals (Photo 3). Sand Verbena does not belong here, but its flower heads are generally reminiscent of some members of this family. or plumose calyx lobes. Valerian Family 1-20B 1-20-chamberedB 1-3-chambered 1-4-celled} 1-4-chamberedY 1-5-chambered 1-celled[ 1-chamberedC 1-few-seededs 1-manyM 1-nervedO 1-numerousZ 1-ovuled` 1-seededD 1-severalH 1-several-seeded{ 10-numerousy 1941H 1951l alternatelyF alternatingH especialL especiallyT essentially established establishes euonymousU euphorbiac euphorbiasN eurasiaW eurasian europe` europeanP evenL eveningM evergreenY everywhereV evolutionN exampleF examples exceptP exceptionsM excludingI exclusivelyN expectedN experienced expert expertsH exploitedc extendI extensionI extents exterior` extraordinarilyH extraordinaryZ extremelyF face-forward factW factorsQ fagalese fagopyrum faguse fairlyS fallE familiarP The Nettle family has about 50 genera and 700 species worldwide, which can be annual herbs or soft-wooded trees. Leaves are alternate or opposite, usually with a stalk. Flowers are single-sexed, with the male and female carried on the sme plant (monoecious), or on separate plants (dioecious). Petals are lacking. A number of them contain stinging hairs which can inflict very painful welts. We have two members of the family: Stinging Nettle is a European and an American species, very wByidespread, and with varieties that may lack the sting; Pellitory is a non-stinging plant, uncommon and inconspicuous. 121-024L 121-023M 053-002Q Nettle FamilyS Parietaria Urtica Pellitory Nettle VALERIANACEAEB 2-severalD 2-toothedt 2-valvedR 3-10P 3-11R 3-5-lobed 3-5-merous] 3-5-nervedO 3-5-valved 3-6-chamberede 3-angled^ 3-branchedm 3-chamberedc 3-lobedq 3-manyr 3-merousv 3-ranked^ 3-toothedt 3-valvedr 4-12A 4-12-chamberedb 4-20e 4-7-lobede 4-8-lobede 4-angledt 4-chamberedk alternatelyF alternatingH alwaysZ among[ ELAEAGNACEAE (Oleaster Family) Shrubs or trees, occasionally dioecious, in some species the branches armed with thorns; herbage conspicuously scurfy with silvery or reddish-brown to golden, stellate or scalelike hairs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple and entire, stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, radially symmetrical, apetalous, perigynous, mostly axillary; sepals 4, arising with the 4-8 stamens at the apex of a fleshy, cup- to saucer-shaped floral tube, the latter cB losely surrounding but not fused with the ovary; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1-chambered and 1-ovuled. Fruit drupelike or berrylike, consisting of a nutlet or achene closely invested by the accrescent, fleshy floral tube. Oleaster Family The Oleaster family is a small one, with 3 genera and about 45 species, scattered around the world. compactL completelye composedH compositaeI compositeI compoundA compressedM comprisingL concentricT condimentR condimentst cone\ conelikea cones\ confluenta conical{ conifer connective connectives conniventG consistingH conspicuousI conspicuouslyF constrictedd constriction~ contained| containing convolvulaceaeX convolvulaceae dodder familyX cormlikeq cormsp cornaceaeY cornaceae dogwood familyY familyY greenishC grooveda grossulariaceaej grossulariaceae saxifragaceae currant gooseberry familyj grouped groupsK grownt growthN guttiferaeo gymnosperms gynobaseL habit hairH hairlike hairsG hairy{ halff haloragaceaek haloragaceae haloragidaceae water milfoil familyk haloragidaceaek halvesA hard| hardenedH harebellP haustoria] havingQ headI head-shapedv headlikeC headsI heart heathb hempQ herb| herbaceousD segmentsF selaginellaceae selaginellaceae spikemoss family i-aquaticl semiaquatic| sepal sepalsA separateV separatingO septumM seriesI serrate sessileM setsg severalC several-seededg shadeM shallowN shallowlyM shape shapedG sharingG sheath^ sheathingC sheathsa shielding shiny shootsK shortI short-clawed ng, very narrow but elongate and conspicuously plumose at fruiting; corolla funnelform to nearly salverform, the tube sometimes unilaterally v pouched or spurred, the limb mostly 5-lobed and often more or less 2-lipped; stamens 3 (1-4), arising near the base of the corolla tube and alternate to the lobes; pistil 1, the ovary inferior, 1-3-chambered, only one chamber seed-bearing, the style 1 with a simple or 2- or 3-lobed stigma. Fruit an achene, often surrounded by the modified, winged or plumose calyx lobes. numbersM numericallyI numerous nutletsL nutrients nutse objects observe obviousZ occasionalP occasionallyF occurA occurring occurs` ocurD oenothera officiallye oftenD oilsE olderF oleaster` olive` olive-like` omitted carnationT carpelsM carpetweedB carpophoreF carrotF caryophyllaceaeT caryophyllaceae familyT caryopsis cases catkinK catkinsK cattail caudex caudicesv celastraceaeU celastraceae staff familyU cellsW centerF centrala ceratophyllaceaeV ceratophyllaceae hornwort familyV chamberA chamberedP chambersM changesa channeledr chenopodiaceaeW chenopodiaceae goosefoot familyW chestnut chieflyu chlorophyll] chlorophyllousa circumscissileD circumscribedN clawf clawedM claws cleftL cleistogamous clematis velyL collomia colonialu color coloration colored~ columnH commissureF commonH commonlyF eitherM elaeagnaceae` elaeagnaceae oleaster family` elastic elementsH ellipsoidr ellipticC elongateC elongatingL embeddedq emergentC encircledI encircling enclosedM enclosese endsO enfoldingp enlargedH enlarging entireD entirelyF enveloped epidermal epigynousB epipetalousG epiphytic equalE equisetaceaea equisetaceae horsetail familya equitantp lenticular^ lessE levels lewisia light lightlyd ligulateR ligule ligulelike liliaceaev liliaceae familyv lilyv limbI limnanthaceaew limnanthaceae meadowfoam familyw linaceaex linaceae familyx linearC linear-lanceolate lined lining liplikeq lips} lithophragma loasaceaey loasaceae blazing familyy lobedA lobesA lodicules lomentd longH long-hairy long-peduncled long-tapereda OROBANCHACEAE (Broomrape Family) Perennial (rarely annual) herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants, lacking chlorophyll, commonly yellowish to dark brown or purple-brown, stems erect, simple or branched. Leaves alternate, bractlike, often initially succulent. Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual, bilaterally to nearly radially symmetrical Sympetalous, solitary or in bracteate spikes or racemes, rarely in panicles; calyx 4- or 5-lobed, sometimes 2-lipped, persistent; corolla 4- or 5B -lobed, often 2-lipped; stamens 4 in 2 unequal pairs arising from the corolla tube; pistil 1, the ovary superior, usually 1-chambered, the style 1 with an entire or 2-4-lobed stigma. Fruit a capsule; seeds numerous, minute. Broomrape Family Broomrape FamilyS Orobanche 4-lobedL 4-manyR 4-merousv 4-numerous 5-10a 5-8-lobedB 5-chamberedS 5-lobedH 5-merousG 5-nervedF 5-numerous 6-12h 6-manyC 6-numerous abortionL about aboveI abronia~ accordance^ accrescentQ acheneI achenesC acorne acridE actuallyl adherentG adhering} hackeliaL hairs hairyL halfS halogetonW handR hangb hard` hardy harebellP haustoria haveD havingI headH headsF heathb heatherb heathsb hedgeX hedgehogN heldT helleborine helped helpfulL hemisphereP hemlockF hempQ hence herbQ herbaceous herbsD hereD heterogeneous heuchera hiddend hierarchye obtuseR occasionallyD occasionilly^ offset oftem[ oftenB oleaster` onagraceae one-seedede onesB onlyN orange@ ovules@ palmately part@ perennials@ petal@ pistillate@ portion@ prolongation@ rarely@ resembling ring@ salverform@ segments@ semi-aquatic@ short-stalked@ single@ soft@ somewhat@ spines@ stamens staminal@ stigmas@ strongly style styles@ subtending@ superior surface@ taken@ their@ thin-walled tropical@ ultimately umbels@ unlike@ vestigial@ water@ within@ woody@ cactus@ ditchgrass@ fumitory@ horsetail family@ pondweed family@ stafftree family@ 1000@ about achenes@ african amaranthus@ area@ attributed@ behind@ ffaloberry@ bulrush@ carrying@ softG soilu solanaceae solanaceae nightshade potato family solanum solid^ solitaryB someB sometimesA spinyN spirallyK splittingA spongy[ sporangiaa spore-bearinga sporesa sporophyllsq spotso spreadingK spurK spurredS squashes[ stalkedc stalksa stamenB stamensA orchid orchids ordere ordinary organized_ organs oriental original originatingN ornamentalM ornamentalsB orobanche osierY otherK othersF otherwise outline outside outstanding outwardN ovary overH overallI overlapping\ overlookc withinH withoutK wood\ woodsonH woodsorrel vestigialM vinesE violaceae violaceae violet family violet viscaceae viscaceae mistletoe family viscoideae visibleF visitingH vitaceae vitaceae grape family wall| whiteC wholeH whollyk whorlC whorledB whorlsC wideM williamT wind-dispersed wing-marginedM wingedA winglessO wingsH wirelikeF withC dipsacaceae_ dipsacaceae teasel family_ directionh directly discA disc-lined disc-shaped disclikeu discoidz disposed^ dissectedP dissimilar distinctl ditchgrass divergent\ diverse diversely dividedB dodderX dogbaneG dogwoodY dorsal\ dorsally dorsiventrallyW doubleA doubling downF droopingK drupeE drupelet drupelets drupelike` duckweedu dwarf eachA early ebracteateM edgeA eftend ebracteateM edgeA eftend edgeA comeL comesc commercially commonD commonestT commonly compactedH comparable completely complexF complicatedM composite_ compositesI compoundE compressF comprises concentratedZ concentrationsL concord conditionsZ cones\ confined conifer coniferous\ conifers consequently considered consist surfaceH surmountedG surpassed surroundedl surrounding` sutured sweetT swollenF symmetcicalh symmetricalA sympetalousG sympodiall systemN tailV tail-liker tailedI erectC ericaceaeb ericaceae heath familyb eriogonum eroush essentiallya euphorbiaceaec euphorbiaceae spurge familyc evening evergreenJ evidentlyF exceedingR except] expandedH expansionH explosivelyc exposedH exsertedH extended extensioni extraction] fabaceaed fabaceae leguminosae legume familyd fagaceaee fagaceae beech familye fallingM falseM falsely familiart families familyA perennialsN pereskiaN perhapst perianthN perianth-like} pericarpW perigynium^ perigynousU persistentC persisting~ petioleJ petioledh petiolesC pickledR pinkM pinkishC pinnatelyA pinnatifidk pistilA pistillateI pistilsC pittedM placess planeF plantsT pleatedh plumosek plumpM point~ pollenG polliniaH polliniumH polygamo-monoeciousk polygamousA polygamous dioecious shrubs trees leaves opposite simpA polygonala poresJ sexual shady shapesZ sheath shepherdia` shinyE shooting shoots\ shoreP shortM shouldH shown showsW showyN shrubU shrublet shrubsA shubs siberian sides significanceB significantR siliclesM siliquesM silkyH similarN similarities^ simpleF singleD single-seeded single-sexedW situationK sizeL sized skunkbushE slenderE slippers slopesE l-severalS labiataet lackingA lamiaceaet lamiaceae labiatae familyt lanceolate lateralH laterallyA latter[ lawrencel leafR leafletsF leaflikeW leafy-bracteate leafy-stemmedv leastD leatheryN leavesA SPARGANIACEAE (Bur Reed Family) Monoecious, amphibious, perennial herbs from rhizomes with fibrous roots; stems simple or branched, erect or floating. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, narrowly elongate, erect or floating, expanded and sheathing at the base; stipules lacking. Flowers unisexual, in sessile or peduncled, globose heads along the upper part of the stem and branches; staminate heads uppermost, 1-several, ebracteate or the bracts membranous and soon deciduous, the flowers numerou s, each consisting of 3-5 stamens and 3-5 irregularly interposed, minute, scalelike bracts, the basifixed anthers 2-celled and much shorter than the filaments; pistillate heads below the staminate ones, 1 or 2 arising from the axils of leaflike bracts, each flower consisting of a solitary pistil subtended by 3-6 free, oblanceolate to fan-shaped, membranous perianth segments, the ovary 1(2)-chambered, sessile or short-stalked, the style 1 with 1 or 2 stigmas. Fruit of achenes or achenelike, epals 4-8, free or fused; petals lacking; stamens generally equal in number to the sepals and opposite them; pistil 1, the ovary superior, usually 1-chambered, the styles 2. Fruit BSa one-seeded drupe, nut, or samara, the latter with an encircling membranous wing. Elm Family e and a linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate stigma, the sterile flower consisting of a swollen, aborted ovary terminal on the stipe, the style and stigma obsolete. Fruit minute, dry, achenelike but ultimately dehiscent. axilsR axisK baby's-breathT bamboos bandsa bannerd barbedN barberryJ barlow basalC basallyE baseA basesq berrylikeB better[ betulaK betweenA biennialg bifidF bilaterallyP bilobedM bisexualA blacko bladder-likeu blader bladesC boat-shapedd borneC bothO bractI bracteateM somewhatM soonH sori| sorus sourceT spacedN sparganiaceae sparganiaceae family sparinglyV spathem spathelikep spearmintt specializedb speciesE sphericala spheroidu spikep spikelet spikelets^ spikelike spikemoss spikesD spinelikeV poresa sporocarp| sporocarps| sporophyllsq sporophyte| spotso spreadingK spurK spurredS squashes[ stalk stalkedc stalksa stamenB stamensA Cattail Family This has a single genus, which should be consulted for a description. Many botanists combine this with the Bur Reed family, which would seem to have a lot of merit. Both have long sword-like leaves, and separate male and female flowers on a single plant, the clusters of the two sexes being separate. Because of priority rules the Bur Reed family would be included wihin the Cattail family. Cattail FamilyS Typha Cattail ULMACEAEB ers often intermixed with sterile ones, the former consisting of a stipitate, 1-chambered, 1-ovuled pistil with a linear style and a linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate stigma, the sterile flower consisting of a swollen, aborted ovary terminal on the stipe, the style and stigma obsolete. Fruit minute, dry, achenelike but ultimately dehiscent. after{ agent aggregated ainusK aizoaceaeB aizoaceae mesembryanthemaceae carpetweed familyB alikep alismataceaeC alismataceae water plantain familyC alkalif almost alnusK alongF alternateB alternatelyF alternatingH althoughl alwaysZ amaranthD amaranthaceaeD amaranthaceae amaranth pigweed familyD american among[ amphibiousq anacardiaceaeE anacardiaceae sumac familyE anchoredm petald petaloidB petalsA petioleJ petioledh petiolesC phlox pickledR pigweedD pinaceae pinaceae conifer family pinkM pinkishC pinnae pinnate pinnatelyA pinnatifidk pistilA pollenG pollen-producing polliniaH polliniumH polygamo-monoeciousk polygamousA polygamous dioecious shrubs trees leaves opposite simpA polygonala poresJ SOLANACEAE (Nightshade or Potato Family) Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate or less often opposite, rarely in whorls of 3, simple or pinnate; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially or rarely bilaterally symmetrical, sympetalous, axillary or terminal, solitary or in cymes, racemes, or panicles; calyx persistent and often accrescent in fruit, (3) 5 (6)-lobed or toothed; corolla rotate to salverform or funnelform to tubular, 5 (6-10)-lobed to subentire; stamens 5 (8), ? arising from the corolla tube and alternate with the lobes, the anthers connivent around the style in Solanum opening longitudinally or by apical pores; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 2 (or falsely 3-5)-chambered, the style 1 with a subglobose or 2-lobed stigma. Fruit a capsule or berry; seeds nearly always numerous. basifixedH basilt beaked beaklikeC beand bearingN becomingW beeche before{ bell-shapedG bellflowerP bellshapedn belongs belowE berberidaceaeJ berberidaceae barberry familyJ berryJ berrylikeB better[ betulaK betulaceaeK betulaceae birch familyK betweenA beyond biennialg bifidF bilaterallyP bilobedM birchK ckberry bladder-likeu blader bladesC boat-shapedd borneC bothO brackish bractI bracteateM Cs fusiform to obovoid, strongly beaked, indehiscent, 1- or 2-seeded, numerous in globose to elliptic burlike heads. Bur Reed Family There is a single genus in the Bur Reed Family, which should be consulted for a description. Many botanists combine this with the Cattail family, which would seem to have a lot of merit. Both have long sword-like leaves, and separate male and female flowers on a single plant, the clusters of the two sexes being separate. Because of priority rules the Bur Reed family would be included wihin the Cattail family. 085-016L 095-026M 112-011 floweringg flowersA armed` armsH aromaticF aroundG arrangedI arrangementQ arrowgrasss arrowhead-shapedC asclepiadaceaeH asclepiadaceae milkweed familyH asclepiadaceousH aspectH asteraceaeI asteraceae compositae composite sunflower daisy familyI asymmetrical asymmetrically atriplexW attachedF attachment] auricles auriculate-claspingM awayL awn-tippedi awnedb awnsI axilr axillaryA E)Nightshade or Potato Family Potato Family The nightshade family is economically important for its food plants (potato, tomato, eggplant, and red pepper), for its medicinal plants (yielding scopolamine and atropine), and for tobacco, as well as for numerous ornamentals including the ever popular petunia. The Nightshade or Potato family is a large and important one economically, with 3000 species in 150 genera. By far the largest of these is the Nightshade (Solanum) genus with 1500 species. Although many, or even most, of the family members contain very toxic chemicals, these are frequently neutralized by the time fruit is ripe. Tomatoes, potatoes, peppers and egg plants are all important food crops. Tobacco is also a member of this family. The plants are annual to perennial, herbs to shru frequentlyH freshV fromB fruit fruitsA fruits berries tomatoes capsules great frustratingM fuelc fumitory fundamentalW fungi furtherF fusedT gaining galium gardenP gaveI generaB general generally geneticsR r area, though some occur elsewhere in the U.S. Some of our most spectacular ornamental bulb plants have been developed from the family: daffodils and amaryllis being notable. Hardy members such as the daffodil sometimes persist in the wild along roadsides and around dumps. Amaryllis Family stylesA stylopodiumF subentire subfamilies subfamilyd subgloboseT submergedC submerged amphibious terrestrial perennials stems reducedq submerged aquatic dioecious monoecious herbs slender submerged emergent annual perennial scapose herbs withC subopposite subsessileV subshrubsB subtendedC woody perennials suchc suckerlike] summitL sunkenW superiorA bs, sometimes prickly. Leaves are alternate. Flowers are almost always radially symmetrical and 5-lobed (Photo 1). Fruits are berries (e.g. tomatoes) or capsules. So great was the reputation for berries of the family to be toxic that tomatoes were sometimes included in the ban on eating. We have about a dozen species established in the wild here, only 1 of which (Coyote Tobacco) is definitely native. The others are weeds or escapes from cultivation. 016-004L 033-004M 017-001Q Nightshade or Potato FamilyS)Datura Lycium Nicotiana Physalis Solanum UaJimson Weed Thornapple Wolfberry Desert-thorn Tobacco Groundcherry Husktomato Nightshade Henbane SPARGANIACEAEB an plants are likely to be less closely related. Some of the main groups are shown in photos 1-3: Paintbrushes Many small inconspicuous flowers enclosed in colored bracts; Monkeyflowers Mostly yellow, short, snapdragonish; Speedwells Small almost symmetrical flowers, open-faced, blue All of these move into other families. To see how the family is being divided, click on 'More'. 060-030L 011-017M 020-029Q Snapdragon or Figwort Family ose are unwanted Eurasian weeds. A little reflection suggests the reason: the family was named for a European plant, and Americ orange] orbicularM orchid orchidaceae orchidaceae legume orchid family order oreganot organs] ornamentalT orobanchaceae orobanchaceae broomrape family otherM othersI oursE outerA outermostI outgrowthH outwardly ovalO ovariesG ovaryA ovateR ovate-lanceolate overH overlappingA overy] ovoid} ovuleF ovule-bearingM ovule-producing spinesN spinosaR spinyN spirallyK splittingA spongy[ sporangiaa sporangium| spore spore-bearinga sporesa sporocarp| sporocarps| sporophyll sporophyllsq sporophyte| spotso spreadingK spurK spurgec spurredS squashes[ staffU stalk stalkedc stalksa stamenB stamensA behindI beingF bellS bell-shapedP bellflowerP belongB belongsL below beneath berberisJ berriesE berry better betulaK betweend beyondR bilaterally chemicalZ birchK birchesK bittersweetU bladderyT blade bluebellL bluebellsL blueberriesb bluesX borageL borneD botanicalF botanist botanistsE bothI bottlebrushd bottom bouncingT bower bracken bractsI branchesE brassicaM breathT brightX brightly brilliantB bringM bristlesI broad broad-leavedN broaderE broadly broccoliM brokenY broomrape brownish buckthorn buckwheat short-stalked| shortened} shorterM showyC shrubR shrubsA shrubs small trees woody vines rarely herbs leaves simple sideM sides silicleM siliqueM silkyH silvery` simaroubaceae simaroubaceae tree-of-heaven family similarJ similarlyq simpleA simplify simulating mountainU mountainousb mountainsN muchD mulleins multi-layerI mustardM mustardsM nameB namedB names\ namesake namingB narrow narrower nativeE naturalc naturalize_ naturalizedG nearbyP nearlyc necessary needed^ needing^ needle-like needles neither netleaf nettle neutralized nevertheless armed@ aromatic axils@ basifixed@ bisexual@ bracteate bractlets@ called@ carnation@ climbing@ compact@ corolla@ cymose@ dilated dipsacaceae@ either@ trees leaves altern@ either@ erect@ erous@ ferns@ flowering@ folded@ fruit@ fundamentally@ funnelformn greenish@ head-shaped@ herbage@ herbs shrubs rarely trees leaves mostly opposite pinn@ herbs shrubs small trees leaves alternate developed herbs shrubs trees vines leaves alternate often herbs vines shrubs trees leaves alternate simple heterosporous@ initially@ internodes@ l-several@ lamiaceae@ leaves leaving@ lenticular@ longitudinal@ monoecious@ more@ nectary@ obtusebtuse weedR weedsM wellW welts westN westernL whatD wheat whenK whereM whetherG whichB whileG whited whites whitetopM whitishE wholeD whorled\ whoseH wideG widelyG widespreadU wihin wild\ wildlife^ willW willowK climbing[ closed^ closelyQ cloverlike| club-shapedx clusterC clusteredK clustersB coherent{ coila coiledL collapsedW collar collectivelyL collomia colonialu color coloration colored~ columnH comment commissureF commonH commonlyF herbageL herbsB herbs rarely shrubs vines leaves opposite alternate herbs shrubs generally either stinging rigidy herein nerally either stinging rigidy shrubs generally either stinging rigidy shrubs rarely small trees species monoecious shrubs rarely small trees species monoecious shrubs rarely small trees species monoecious shrubs rarely small trees species monoecious shrubs rarely small trees species monoecious herbs shrubs small trees herbage usually pubescent alternate rarely oppos tropicalN trueH truncatea tubeH tuberculateR tuberousp tubersv tubesF tubularI tuftG tuftedO tufts turning] twiceU twigs\ twining] twistedi types[ typhaceae typhaceae cattail family typicallyF ulmaceae ulmaceae family ultimate ultimatelyC umbelH umbellateH umbelliferaeF pistillateI pistilsC pithy pittedM placed placess placing planeF plantaginaceae plantaginaceae plantain family plantainC plantsT pleatedh plumosek plumpM poaceae poaceae gramineae grass family point~ pointed polemoniaceae polemoniaceae phlox family pollenG pollen-producing polliniaH polliniumH polygamo-monoeciousk polygamousA polygonaceae polygonaceae buckwheat family polygonala polypodiaceae polypodiaceae family pondweed poppy poresJ ped, rarely lacking; fertile stamens commonly 2 or 4 (3-8), generally epipetalous, often differentiated into 2 groups by filament length (didynamous), a rudimentary fifth stamen (staminode) often present; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 2-chambered, the style 1 with an entire or 2-cleft stigma. Fruit a few- to many-seeded, 2-chambered capsule. Digiitalis, commonly known as foxglove, belongs to this family. A heart regulatory agent, it is one of the most important of all medicinal plants. E+Snapdragon or Figwort Family Figwort Family 060-030L 011-017M 020-029Q Snapdragon or Figwort FamilyS Castilleja Collinsia Cordylanthus Limosella Linaria Mimulus Orthocarpus Pedicularis Penstemon Scrophularia Synthyris Verbascum Veronica subtendingI subteretes subterminal subterraneanq succulentB suchc suckerlike] sumacE summitL sunflowerI sunkenW superiorA supportedI bisexualA bisexuall blacko blackberry bladder-likeu blader bladesC blazingy boat-shapedd borageL boraginaceaeL boraginaceae borage familyL borneC bothO brackish bractI bracteateM the apex of the ovary, the ovary superior or partially to completely inferior, 1-3 (5)-chambered, the styles as many as the carpels, free or partially fused, sometimes lacking; stigmas mostly globose or discoid, sometimes sessile. Fruit a capsule. In order to simplify the description process in this family, the term floral tube is herein used to include both the receptacular tissue surrounding the inferior portion of the ovary and the floral tube above the ovary, from the upper margin of wD,hich the sepals, petals, and stamens arise. Saxifrage Family s smaller than the sepals or occasionally lacking; stamens generally 5 or 10, free or rarely the filaments fused; pistil 1, the carpels commonly 2 or 3 (4-10), fused or free to some degree, in many species the tips free and divergent as beaklike projections at 8-12-lobedV 8-20V aborted abortionL about aboveI abronia~ accordance^ accrescentQ aceraceaeA aceraceae maple familyA acheneI achenelike achenesC acorne acorn-shaped acridE actuallyl adder's adherentG adhering} aerial ecious dioecious shrubs herbs parasitic revisionR rhamnus rhizomesa rhododendronsb rhubarb rhusE richF right ringI riseI risesd river roadsideR roadsides rockM rockyE rootF rootsc rosette rottenH rotundifoliaP roundd rounded rubberc rubia rules rumex runners ruppia russianW prolongationL prolonged prominentC prostrate pubescentL pulpym pungentL pungent-tipped purpleM purple-blackr purple-brown purple-tingedC purposest purslane pustulose-basedL pyrolaceae pyrolaceae wintergreen family quillwortq raccoonV racemep racemesA rachilla rachis radiallyA raised ranksp ranunculaceae ranunculaceae buttercup crowfoot family ranunculus raspberry ratherQ heterosporous| hippocastanaceae hippocastanaceae chestnut family hippuridaceael hippuridaceae mare's familyl hollowa hollow-stemmedF honeysuckleS hoodH hoodsH horizontalW hornH horned hornwortV horsetaila hosts] housing humiditya hundredI hydrocharitaceaem hydrocharitaceae frogbit familym hydrophyllaceaen hydrophyllaceae waterleaf familyn hypanthium hypericaceaeo hypericaceae guttiferae john's familyo hypogynousB includedC includesi includingT incompletely inconspicuousW incurvedH indehiscentD individualI individuallyL indusium inferiorB inflatedO inflorescenceC infrequentlyL SAXIFRAGACEAE / GROSSULARIACEAE (Saxifrage Family) Perennial herbs, woody vines, shrubs, or rarely small trees. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or occasionally compound; stipules lacking or partially fused to the base of the petioles. Flowers bisexual (ours) or rarely unisexual, radially or rarely bilaterally symmetrical, perigynous or epigynous or in a few species hypogynous, solitary or clustered in cymes, racemes, or panicles, partially replaced by bulblets in Lithophragma; pedi cels sometimes jointed below the receptacle; floral tube (see comment below) top- to bell-shaped or cylindric, sepals and petals arising with the stamens at or near the summit of the floral tube, commonly 4 or 5, free, in some species smaller than the sepals or occasionally lacking; stamens generally 5 or 10, free or rarely the filaments fused; pistil 1, the carpels commonly 2 or 3 (4-10), fused or free to some degree, in many species the tips free and divergent as beaklike projections at theirf themJ then^ theseB thick\ thick-walled thickenedC thickwalled thinW thin-walled third thisQ thorns` thoseM threadlikeO threads throatL through throughoutl thusH thymet tight tightlyL timet timesM tipsd tissue tissues 2-10T 2-12\ 2-4-cleftf 2-4-grooved 2-4-lobed 2-4-rayed{ 2-4-valved 2-5-lobedU 2-6-chamberedz 2-celledC 2-chamberedA 2-cleft 2-lippedI 2-lobedA 2-many{ 2-many-lobed 2-ranked 2-seededM and/ore anemones animalse aniseF annualD annualsR anotherH answerL apartB apiumF apocynumG appearI appeared appearingH apples applicable^ appliesD approximatelyI aquaticV aquilegia arabisM arbor-vitae\ arctic immediatelyr important include includedC includesi includingT incompletely inconspicuousW incurvedH indehiscentD individualI individuallyL indusium inferiorB inflatedO inflorescenceC infrequentlyL initiallyC innerA innermostq inrolled insectH intacti intergradingN interior[ intermixed internalH Genera per Family Informal The Buttercup family is widely distributed in the temperate and more northerly parts of the Northern Hemisphere, with about 2000 species. In our area they are mostly herbs, plus a few vines (Virgin's Bower, Clematis) and a shrub (Baneberry, Actaea). Their flowers can be very showy, so quite a few have been used as ornamental plants in the garden. These include Larkspurs (Delphinium), Columbines/Virgin's Bower (Aquilegia), Anemones and Monkshood (Aconitum). Buttercups, after which the famil y is named can be beautiful (Photo 3), but are not often cultivated. Flowers are highly varied, and sometimes elaborate. Basically they are 5-parted, but may have 3-20 petals. Stamens can be very numerous. Plants frequently contain complex chemicals known as alkaloids, which can be used as markers to analyse how plants are related. On the other hand, some of the alkaloids are extremely toxic. When an old plant name includes "bane", it usually means the plant is poisonous and has been use gometimes obsolete; corolla salverform to rotate or funnelform and 3-5-lobed; stamens (3)4 or 5, arising from the corolla tube below the sinuses; pistil 1, the ovary inferior and 2- 4-chambered with 1 or 2 styles. Fruit either fleshy and berrylike or a schizocarp separating at maturity into 2 indehiscent, often hairy or minutely bristly, 1-seeded mericarps. Madder Family The Madder family is large, but mainly tropical, where it includes many woody shubs and trees. In temperate regions they are usually herbs, with the Bedstraws (Galium) being the largest genus. Leaves are simple, usually untoothed, and opposite - but often in a ring around the stem (whorled). Flowers are in various types of cluster. Both calyx and are 4- or 5-lobed, with the lower parts joined. Bedstraws lack a calyx. Fruits can be berries, capsules, stone fruits and more. Our only native RA RUBIACEAEB rarelyB raspberry ratherQ raysF reachm readilyI receptacleC receptacular_ recuced recurvedh red-purpleT reddish-brown` reducedM reeds reflexedH regularT regularlyN regulatory relative relatively\ remainingi replaced replumM representedI reproducingu reproductiveu resemblingH resinousE reticulateR revealingF rhamnaceae rhamnaceae buckthorn family rhamnus rhizomatousJ rhizome| rhizomes^ ribbedF ribsF rightF rigidy rind[ The Saxifrage family has about 550 species in 30 genera, 3/5 of them in Saxifrage itself. Currants are often included here also, along with a variety of other genera that now seem to be unrelated. What links the seemingly disparate groups are some technical characters that are not accessible to the layman. Our genera include Saxifrage (Saxifraga), Miterwort (Mitella), Alumroot (Heuchera, Photo 1), Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia) and Woodland Star (Lithophragma). Saxifrage has been revised J so that some of the names are now different. All these are perennial herbs, and there is one small shrub, Jamesia. Our herbaceous plants tend to have a basal rosette of leaves with stalks and a generally rounded blade. Flowers are 4- or 5-parted, in clusters (sometimes vey loose) at the top of stems, these often lacking leaves. istil 1, the carpels commonly 2 or 3 (4-10), fused or free to some degree, in many species the tips free and divergent as beaklike projections at obtuse@ onagraceae evening primrose family@ <The Barberry Family is a small one, with about 15 genera and 650 species. By far the largest genus is Berberis, the Barberry Genus, which contains over 90% of the plants. It is the only genus in our area, though sometimes it is split into two. Several are used as ornamentals. Some are edible, but many are toxic. Barberry FamilyS Berberis U Barberry BETULACEAEB he style short or more often lacking. Fruit a berry or a follicle. Barberry Family / Salsify / Oysterplant Salsify Oysterplant Goldeneye Mulesears Cocklebur Matchweed Cutleaf BERBERIDACEAEB " of asclepiadaceous flowers may be composed of one or more of the following elements: (1) an outgrowth of the corolla tube, (2) a true corona consisting of an expa resemble mustard family flowers inchI inchesE includeE includedP includesG includingF incomprehensible ; stamens generally 5 or 10, free or rarely the filaments fused; pistil 1, the carpels commonly 2 or 3(4-10), fused or free to some degree, in many species the tips free and divergent as beaklike projections at t he apex of the ovary, the ovary superior or partially to completely inferior, 1-3(5)-chambered, the styles as many as the carpels, free or partially fused, sometimes lacking; stigmas mostly globose or discoid, sometimes sessile. Fruit a capsule. In order to simplify the description process in this family, the term floral tube is herein used to include both the receptacular tissue surrounding the inferior portion of the ovary and the floral tube above the ovary, from the upper margin of whi HALORAGACEAE / HALORAGIDACEAE (Water Milfoil Family) Aquatic or wetland, mostly perennial, monoecious or polygamo-monoecious herbs; in ours the stems wholly or partly submerged. Leaves alternate or whorled, rarely opposite, simple and toothed to pectinately pinnatifid; stipules lacking. Flowers mostly unisexual, radially symmetrical, sessile in axils of leaves or bracts, solitary, clustered, or in interrupted spikes, a floral tube very short or lacking; sepals 2-4 or lacking; petals wheB n present 2-4 and soon deciduous; stamens 4 or 8, the anthers basifixed; ovary inferior, 4-chambered; styles 4; stigmas plumose or papillose. Fruit a drupe or a schizocarp and ultimately splitting into 2-4 mericarps. Water Milfoil FamilyQ Water Milfoil FamilyS Myriophyllum Myriophyllum HIPPURIDACEAEB carrying caseF casesc cashewE cashewsE casingb cassavac casually casually common conifers except juniper catchflyT catkinsK cattail caughtH cedar\ cedars\ celeryF celtidaceae celtis centralD centranthus ceremonies chain chambersR characteristicallyd charactersd chemicals chemistryR chenopodiaceaeD chenopodiumW cherry GThe Maple family is made up almost entirely of the large Maple genus (Acer) with more than 100 species, plus a small genus of two Chinese species. They occur mainly in the northern temperate regions. Typically trees or shrubs. Flowers are small, in clusters. Fruits are winged "samaras", basically a seed with a wing attached. 120-032L 049-028M 046-007Q Maple FamilyS Maple 054-004L 075-018M 003-029Q Saxifrage FamilySARibes Heuchera Jamesia Lithophragma Mitella Parnassia Saxifraga UYCurrant Gooseberry Alumroot Jamesia Woodland Star Miterwort Grass-of-Parnassus Saxifrage SCROPHULARIACEAEB SCROPHULARIACEAE (Snapdragon or Figwort Family) Herbs or rarely shrubs or vines. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple and entire or toothed to deeply pinnately lobed, rarely compound; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, bilaterally or, in some species, almost radially symmetrical, sympetalous, usually borne in bracteate spikes or racemes; calyx commonly of 4 or 5 free or fused sepals, in some species 2-lipped and the lobes fewer by fusion; corolla 4- or 5-(8)- lobed and generally 2-lip aller than the sepals or occasionally lacking; stamens generally 5 or 10, free or rarely the filaments fused; pistil 1, the carpels commonly 2 or 3 (4-10), fused or free to some degree, in many species the tips free and divergent as beaklike projections at ey genus Lomatium have yellow flowers and very fragrant leaves. Newer systematic naming of families requires that it be named after the first formally described species, in this case celery, Apium graveolens. Leaves are occasionally simple, but more often are compound, with leaflets being further divided, and sometimes divided again. Parsley is typical in this respect. There are many economically important plants in the family, including root crops (carrot and parsnip), stem vegetables (C celery), herbs (parsley), and flavorful seeds (caraway, anise). Leaves have a rich variety of fragrances. BUT, many others are extremely poisonous to livestock and to man. Poison Hemlock and Water Hemlock are deadly. 001-016L 018-013M 103-005Q Parsley or Carrot Family the commissure. D Q$Composite, Sunflower or Daisy Family Achillea Agoseris Ambrosia Anaphalis Antennaria Anthemis Arctium Arnica Artemisia Aster Balsamorhiza Bellis Bidens Brickellia Carduus Centaurea Chaenactis Chamomilla Chrysanthemum Chrysothamnus Cichorium Cirsium Conyza Crepis Erigeron Eupatorium Gnaphalium Grindelia Haplopappus Helenium Helianthella Helianthus Heterotheca Hieracium Hymenoxys Lactuca Lapsana Layia Leucelene Lygodesmia Machaeranthera Madia Matricaria Microseris Onopordum Perityle Petradoria Psilocarphus Rudbeckia SenecioBt Solidago Sonchus Sphaeromeria Taraxacum Tetradymia Townsendia Tragopogon Viguiera Wyethia Xanthium Xanthocephalum d limb (ray), these generally conspicuous and often forming the outermost series on the receptacle, (2) disc flowers with a tubular corolla and a 5-lobed limb, these filling the center of the head, or the head composed entirely of ray or disc flowers; flowers bisexual or unisexual, fertile or sterile; sepals lacking or represen E&Parsley or Carrot Family Carrot FamilyF Commonly cultivated spices and vegetables derived from this family include: fennel, dill, anise, coriander, caraway, parsley, celery, carrot, and parsnip.G Umbelliferae The older botanical name for this large, important family was "Umbelliferae" because the plants' flower heads are usually made up of many tiny flowers arranged in little umbrellas, and these in turn are grouped into more complex arrangements called compound umbels. Cow Parsnip, which grows more than 6 feet tall, is a spectacular example of this form. On a diminutive scale the Springparsleys compress the same pattern into a dense cluster close to the ground. Many members of the Desert Parsl 001-016L 018-013M 103-005Q Parsley or Carrot Family dehiscent and with lled a corona) consisting of 5 petaloid saclike structures (hoods) alternating with the corolla lobes, in most species each hood with an included or exserted, incurved appendage (horn) arising from its inner surface; stamens 5, usually arising near the base of the corolla tube, the filaments free or fused and, together with the style, forming a "column" in the center of the flower, the anthers basifixed and connivent around the stigma, often with a membranous apical appendage folded down o ver the top of the stigma, the lateral margins of each of the 2 anther sacs expanded into hardened narrow wings, the stigmatic surface of the lower aspect of the stigma thus exposed between the stamens; in all New World species the pollen grains at maturity adherent within each anther sac into a pear-shaped mass (pollinium), the pollinia of anther sacs of neighboring stamens joined in pairs by slender apical arms, the whole, when freed by a visiting insect often resembling a pair of saddle acti. e technical features of the flowers which make them easily recognizable to the expert. A unusual feature of most is that the flower twists on its stalk during development, so the usual "lip" becomes uppermost. Most people are surprised to learn that we have 14 species of orchids here, grouped into 8 genera. Only 3 species, the 2 Lady's Slippers and the Giant Helleborine have decent-sized flowers, the others having clusters of small ones. Orchid FamilySICorallorhiza Cypripedium Epipactis Goodyera Habenaria Listera Spiranthes U`Coral Root Lady's Slipper Helleborine Goodyera Bog Orchid Rein Orchid Twayblade Ladies' Tresses OROBANCHACEAEB n the ventral (lower) aspect of the column, all alike or only 2 stigmatic, the third modified to form the beaklike rostellum, this shielding the stigmatic surface from the anther. Fruit a 3-valved, dry (ours) capsule; seeds minute, very n funnelform fusedD fusiform fusion gametophyte| genbusB generaI generalld generallyD gentianh gentianaceaeh gentianaceae gentian familyh genusN geraniaceaei geraniaceae geranium familyi glandR gland-dottedo glandsR glandularE glandular-pubescentp glaucousg glaux globoseC glochidsN gloryX glumes glycyrrhizad golden` goosefootW gourd[ gourds[ graduallyN grainsH granularG grasslike^ grayishW greatlyN greena kThis monogeneric family is often included in Convolvulaceae but differs from other members of that family in basic chromosome number, in lacking internal phloem, and in having a parasitic habit, scalelike leaves, small, usually scale-appendaged, fleshy corollas, small non-mucilaginous seeds with spiralled rather than curved embryos, and much reduced cotyledons. nThe Dodder family contains a single genus. Because it has many detailed resemblances to the Morning Glory family it is often included there - many of the differences can be attributed to special features related to its parasitic lifestyle. Modern methods of analyzing relationships point in the same direction, but temporarily it is being kept as a separate family. 015-036L 042-006M 123-029Q Dodder FamilyS&Calystegia Convolvulus Cressa Cuscuta Dodder CYPERACEAEB 081-003 species. In contrast, the Lobelia subfamily has flowers are irregular, a lower lobe being split into several fine strips. Several popular garden species are included here also. Locally we have a single member from each subfamily. Creeping Bellflower is actually a European native which has found a home here, and is sometimes invasive. Shore Downingia is a small plant found around drying pools. Nearby, in the Uintas, we have the almost ubiquitous Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia), native Cxaround the Northern Hemisphere. To the south is Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis), a stunning moisture-loving plant. Harebell or Bellflower Family willow family consists shrubs woodsorrel family dominated genus oxalis which theirB themB themeH themselvesd thenI theory thereF there about species pondweed family almost there single genus frankenia small family there single genus family which should there single genus hornwort family aquatic there single genus spikemoss family there single species callitriche familyO therebyK nemophila nettle nightshade ninebark nipplewort o'clock~ oatgrass oceanspray olive` onionv oniongrass orchard orchard grass orchid clover oysterplant paintbrush panicgrass parsleyF parsnip pearN pearlwort pearlyI pearly everlastingI peasF peavine pellitory pennycress peppergrass pepperweed pepperwort perityle periwinkle petradoria petrophytum pheasant's pheasant's pickleweed pigweed pimpernel pinkT pipsissewa plantainC plectritis poisonF poison hemlockF polanisia polecat polypody pondweed popcornL popcorn flowerL poplar poppy povertyW poverty weedW povertyweed pricklyN prickly gilia prickly pearN prickly poppy primrose psilocarphus puccoon puncturevine purseM rfpea purslaneB sedge seepweedW The Pigweed family has many features in common with the Goosefoot family (CHENOPODIACEAE) , and they have recently been united to form a single unit. The whole is now known as the Amaranth family, because Amaranthus was the first genus to be described in the whole group. Much of what is said here applies to the Goosefoot family later. Typically the plants are annual herbs, but sometimes shrubs. Flowers are minute, often borne in large clusters, and lack petals. Some species, not those thaBbt ocur in our area, have been grown for many years in central America as high protein grain crops. Amaranth FamilyS Amaranthus Amaranth Pigweed ANACARDIACEAEB amily hemaceae in axillary or terminal panicles; sepals 5(3-7), united at the base, petals equal in number to the sepals or rarely lacking, free or more or less basally united; stamens equal to or double the number of petals, arising at the margin of a glandular ring or cuplike disc; pistil 1; ovary superior, 1-chambered; styles (ours), free or more often fused, at least below. Fruit a resinous, 1-seeded drupe. Sumac FamilyF Members of this largely tropical family yield mangoes, pistachio and cashew nuts, as well as various resins, lacquers, and oils. Gen per Fam informal Helvetica Geneva Verdana Symbol =RPTH FPTHA=Macintosh HD:Desktop Folder:021025 Wasatch:Wasatch Genera.fp3 MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Genera.fp3 RPTHA Wasatch Genera.fp3 The Broomrape family has about 17 genera and 150 species, worldwide but concentrated in north temperate Eurasia. Tw o thirds of the species are of Orobanche (Broomrape or Cancer-root genus). Plants are annual or perennial herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants. As such they lack chlorophyll and are yellowish, brownish or purplish. Flowers are in various types of cluster, or solitary. Seeds are usually minute, carried in a capsule. It is clear that this family is closely related tB o the semi-parasitic members (including the Paintbrushes and Louseworts) of the Figwort or Snapdragon family. Some researchers move those into the Broomrape family, while others separate them into a Lousewort family. Broomrape FamilyS Orobanche Broomrape Cancer-root OXALIDACEAEB ther. Fruit a 3-valved, dry (ours) capsule; seeds minute, very n Family about Common List Genera per Family gGenera gGenera amaranthus ambrosia amelanchier amsinckia anagallis anaphalis anchusa androsace anemone angelica antennaria anthemis apera apocynum aquilegia arabidopsis arabis arceuthobium arctium arctostaphylos arenaria argemone aristida arnica arrhenatherum artemisia asclepias asparagus asperugo aspidotis asplenium aster astragalus athyrium atriplex avena azolla balsamorhiza barbarea bassia beckmannia bellis berberis berula betula bidens boisduvalia borago botrychium brassica brickellia bromus calamagrostis callitriche calochortus caltha calystegia camassia camelina camissonia campanula cannabis capsella cardamine cardaria gusticum lithospermum lomatium lygodesmia machaeranthera madia matricaria mertensia microseris onopordum orogenia osmorhiza pastinaca perideridia l in number to and opposite the sepals, arising at the outer margin of a lobed disc lining the floral tube; pistil 1, the ovary partially or entirely inferior and 1-chambered, the solitary style with a subglobose or 3-5-lobed stigma. Fruit a drupe or nutlike. Sandalwood Family -The Sandalwood family has about 400 species in 35 genera of wide distribution. Many of them are root parasites, drawing nutrients from other plants, but also carrying out photosynthesis for themselves (much like the Paintbrushes). The only species here is the Bastard Toadflax, a small perennial herb. Sandalwood FamilyS Comandra U Comandra SAXIFRAGACEAE GROSSULARIACEAE carduus carex carum castilleja catabrosa ceanothus celtis cenchrus centaurea centaurium cerastium ceratophyllum cercocarpus chaenactis chamomilla cheilanthes chenopodium chimaphila chloris chlorocrambe chorispora chrysanthemum chrysothamnus cichorium cicuta cinna circaea cirsium clarkia claytonia clematis cleome collinsia collomia comandra conium conringia convolvulus conyza corallorhiza cordylanthus corispermum cornus corydalis cowania crataegus crepis cressa cryptantha cryptogramma cuscuta layia lepidium lesquerella leucelene ligusticum lithospermum lobularia lomatium lonicera lunaria lychnis lygodesmia machaeranthera madia malcolmia matricaria mertensia microseris nasturtium onopordum opuntia orogenia osmorhiza pachistima pastinaca perideridia Waterfern Family The Waterferns reproduce by spores rather than seeds. They consist of only two genera, one of which occurs mainly in the tropics. Plants are aquatic with threadlike stems and small crowded leaves. 048-017L 049-001Q Waterfern FamilyS Azolla Waterfern Mosquito Fern SANTALACEAEB SANTALACEAE (Sandalwood Family) Rhizomatous perennial herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines, often parasitic, at least in part. Leaves alternate or occasionally opposite, simple and usually entire; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual or less often unisexual (and then the plants monoecious or dioecious), radially symmetrical, perigynous to epigynous, borne in axillary or terminal clusters or occasionally solitary; sepals (3)4 or 5, arising at the apex of a floral tube; petals none; stamens equa e wall. cymopterus cynodon cynoglossum cyperus cypripedium cystopteris dactylis dactyloctenium danthonia datura daucus delphinium deschampsia descurainia dicentra digitaria diplotaxis dipsacus disporum distichlis dodecatheon downingia draba dryopteris echinochloa echinocystis elaeagnus eleocharis eleusine elodea elymus elysitanion elysitanion epilobium epipactis equisetum eragrostis erigeron eriogonum erodium erysimum erythronium euclidium eupatorium euphorbia eurotia festuca floerkea fragaria frankenia fritillaria fumaria galium gaura gayophytum gentiana gentianella geranium gilia glaux glechoma glyceria matricaria medicago melilotus mertensia microseris monolepis nasturtium onopordum opuntia orogenia osmorhiza oxytropis pachistima pastinaca perideridia glycyrrhiza gnaphalium goodyera grindelia habenaria hackelia halogeton haplopappus hedysarum helenium helianthella helianthus heliotropium heracleum hesperis heterotheca heuchera hibiscus hieracium hippuris holcus holodiscus holosteum hordeum humulus hutchinsia hydrophyllum hymenoxys hypericum iliamna isatis isoetes ivesia jamesia juncus juniperus kalmia kochia koeleria larix lathyrus layia ledum lemna leonurus lepidium lesquerella leucelene ligusticum linum listera lithophragma lithospermum lloydia lobularia lomatium lonicera lunaria lupinus luzula lychnis lycopus lygodesmia lythrum machaeranthera madia malcolmia malva marrubium marsilea matricaria medicago melilotus mentha mentzelia mertensia microseris mirabilis mitella moldavica monardella moneses monolepis montia muhlenbergia myosurus myriophyllum najas nasturtium navarretia nemophila nepeta nicotiana oenothera onopordum opuntia orobanche orogenia orthocarpus oryzopsis osmorhiza oxalis oxyria oxytropis pachistima panicum parietaria parnassia parthenocissus pastinaca pedicularis pellaea penstemon perideridia perityle petradoria petrophytum phacelia phalaris phleum phlox phoradendron phragmites physalis physaria physocarpus picea pinus plagiobothrys plantago plectritis polanisia polemonium polygonum polypodium veratrum verbascum verbena veronica vicia viguiera vinca viola wolffia woodsia wyethia xanthium xanthocephalum zannichellia zigadenus alder alkaliX alkali heathf alkali weedX alkaligrass alumroot alyssum amaranth anchusa angelica apera apple arabidopsis arnica arrowgrass arrowhead asparagus aspen aspidotis aster avens balsamroot baneberry barberry barley barnyard barnyard grass beardgrass beardtongue bedstraw beeplant beggar'sL beggar's liceL beggarticks bellflower bellsv bentgrass bermuda bermuda grass billi bindweed birch bird's-footd bird's-foot trefoild birdsbeak biscuitroot bitterbrush erbrush catchfly catchweed chamomile chamomile dogfennelI chickweed chicory chrysanthemum cicelyF clover cocklebur coneflower coontail RUPPIACEAE (Ditchgrass Family) Aquatic perennials of brackish or saline waters, totally submerged or the inflorescence emergent; stems slender to threadlike, simple or branched. Leaves alternate or opposite, threadlike or nearly so, stipules membranous, broad, fused on one margin with the base of the leaf blade or sometimes basally sheathing, the tips often free and ligulelike. Flowers bisexual, usually 2 per axillary spike, enclosed within the sheathing, stipular leaf base, perianth la Ncking, each flower consisting of (1)2 stamens and 4(8) free pistils, the latter sessile at flowering, the ovary 1-chambered with a short to obsolete style and a peltate stigma. Fruit of ovoid to pear-shaped nutlets in clusters of (1)2-8, each nutlet borne on a slender stipe, the stipes and peduncles elongating as the fruit matures. Ditchgrass Family lactuca lamium lappula lapsana larix lathyrus layia ledum leersia lemna leonurus lepidium leptochloa leptodactylon lesquerella leucelene leucopoa lewisia ligusticum limosella linaria linum listera lithophragma lithospermum lloydia lobularia lolium lomatium lonicera lunaria lupinus luzula lychnis lycium lycopus lygodesmia lysimachia lythrum machaeranthera madia malcolmia malus malva marrubium marsilea matricaria medicago melica melilotus mentha mentzelia mertensia microseris microsteris mimulus mirabilis mitella moldavica lactuca@ monardella@ perityle polypogon@ saponaria@ triticum veratrum@ bittercress@ brickellbush@ flower@ hemlock@ lawn@ medick@ nemophila@ pigweed poppy poverty purslane@ selfheal@ sumpweed tansyaster@ licorice@ willowherb/fireweed willows winde wind-dispersed wind-pollinatedK wingA wingedA wingsd wintera wintergreenb wintergreensb withA withinN withoutG woadM wolfsbane woodland woodnymph woodsorrel woodyL workM workersb workupc worldN world'sc worldwideI wouldM wrappedd yearsB yellowF yellowish yellows young\ zealanda abies abronia achillea aconitum actaea ss family polypogon polystichum populus portulaca potamogeton potentilla primula prunella prunus pseudotsuga psilocarphus psoralea pteridium puccinellia purshia pyrola quercus ranunculus raphanus rhamnus ribes rorippa rubia rubus rudbeckia rumex ruppia sagina sagittaria salicornia salix salsola salvia sambucus sanguisorba rochloa secale sedum senecio sesuvium setaria shepherdia sidalcea silene sisymbrium sisyrinchium sitanion smelowskia smilacina solidago sonchus sorghum spartina spergularia sphaeralcea sphaeromeria spiranthes spirodela sporobolus stachys stellaria stipa streptanthus streptopus suaeda swertia symphoricarpos taraxacum tetradymia thalictrum thelypodium thlaspi townsendia tragopogon trifolium triglochin trisetum triteleia adiantum adonis aegilops agastache agoseris agrohordeum agrohordeum agropyron agrositanion agrositanion agrostis alisma allenrolfea allium alnus alopecurus althaea alyssum saponaria sarcobatus saxifraga scirpus sclerochloa scrophularia secale sedum selaginella senecio sesuvium setaria shepherdia sibbaldia sidalcea silene sisymbrium sisyrinchium sitanion smelowskia smilacina solanum solidago sonchus sorbus sorghum sparganium spartina spergularia sphaeralcea sphaeromeria spiranthes spirodela sporobolus stachys stellaria stipa streptanthus streptopus suaeda swertia symphoricarpos synthyris tamarix taraxacum tetradymia thalictrum thelypodium thlaspi townsendia tragopogon tribulus trifolium triglochin trisetum triteleia triticum typha ulmus urtica vaccaria vaccinium valeriana or, 1-20-chambered, the style 1 or obsolete, the stigmas 1-20. Fruit a membranous to woody capsule or berrylike, seeds usually numerous. Carpetweed Family G Mesembryanthemaceae The family to which they belong was long known as the "MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE", named after Mesembryanthemum, or "flowering in the middle of the day". Seapurslane is low-growing and quite succulent, with brilliant magenta flowers. Technically, the 5 highly colored "petals" are actually modified sepals. In recent years the systematic naming of families after the first-named member of the family has resulted in the present name AIZOACEAE. Southern Africa is home to an amazing display from memb Carpetweed Family G Mesembryanthemaceae tansyaster tarweed teasel thelypodium thistle thornapple three-awn tickweed timothy toadflax tobacco tongueL townsendia tree-of-heaven trefoild tresses triteleia turkeyF turkey peasF twayblade twinflower twinpod twisted-stalk twistflower valerian velvetgrass verbena~ vervain vetch violetv virgin's virgin's bower wallflower wallrocket waterC water clover| water hemlockF water horehoundt water parsnipF water plantainC water starwortO watercress waterfern waterleaf watermeal waternymph weedI wheat wheatgrass whitecockle whitetop whitlowM whitlow grassM wildL buckwheat cucumber[ forget-me-notL garlicv geraniumi hollyhock{ ollyhock{ llyhock{ rlicv ers of this family, with many plants that mimic the stones and sand in which they live until, like our cacti, their spectacular flowers give them away. The family is quite large (about 2500 species in 125 genera), but apart from some ornamentals, it has little economic significance. 100-007Q Carpetweed Family S Sesuvium Sea Purslane ALISMATACEAEB ALISMATACEAE (Water Plantain family) Submerged or emergent, annual or perennial, scapose herbs with milky juice, arising from a slightly thickened rootstock with fibrous roots; scapes erect or lax. Leaves basal, mostly emergent or floating, the elongate petioles sheathing the scape, the blades initially lacking but ultimately linear, elliptic, or arrowhead-shaped, with prominent longitudinal nerves and transverse veinlets. Inflorescence simple or compound, the pedicels often in whorls y superior or inferi The milkweed family is large and extraordinarily diverse, with about 2000 species. Experts differ greatly as to how these should be grouped into genera. It is closely related to the Dogbane family, and frequently has toxic milky juice, and pods containing silky seeds. The flower structures are intricate. Instead of the pollen being dusty it is compacted into two balls (pollinia) joined by a little string. The whole thing gets caught on an insect's leg as it crawls over the head of flowers !, and it may get transferred as a unit to another plant. Amazing variations on this theme occur in African members of the family, whose flowers may attract flies by appearing (and smelling!) like rotten meat. Many of the African plants are succulents with thich stems somewhat like cacti. Milkweed FamilyS Asclepias U Milkweed ASTERACEAE COMPOSITAE embling a pair of saddle Sumac FamilyS Sumac APIACEAE UMBELLIFERAE APIACEAE / UMBELLIFERAE (Parsley or Carrot Family) Annual or perennial herbs, rarely woody at the base, often aromatic, commonly hollow-stemmed. Leaves alternate or entirely basal, rarely opposite, simple or more often compound with toothed to much-dissected leaflets; petioles usually conspicuously sheathing, at least near the base; stipules lacking. Flowers numerous, small, mostly radially symmetrical, generally bisexual, in simple or (ours) compound umbels, the rays often subtended by ally 3-lobed. Rhus radicans (Poison Ivy) Slender branches, usually low growing in our area. Leaves are dark shiny green, with 3 leaflets. Whitish berries in the fall. Common in moist areas of canyons. Most botanists now classify this plant as Toxicodendron rydbergii. Many of the plants have colorful leaves in the Fall. Angelica Berula Carum Cicuta Conium Cymopterus Daucus Heracleum Ligusticum Lomatium Orogenia Osmorhiza Pastinaca Perideridia Angelica Water Parsnip Caraway Water Hemlock Poison Hemlock Springparsley Carrot Cow Parsnip Lovage Desert Parsley Biscuitroot Turkey Peas Sweet Cicely Sweetroot Parsnip Yampah Water Parsnip APOCYNACEAEB APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family) Perennial herbs, vines, shrubs, or trees, often with milky juice. Leaves simple and entire, opposite or whorled, in a few species alternate. Flowers solitary or in axillary or terminal racemes or cymes, bisexual, radially symmetrical, commonly 5-merous, sympetalous; sepals fused below. petals united to form a cylindric to bell-shaped, funnelform or salverform corolla; stamens 5, epipetalous and alternate with the corolla lobes, the anthers connivent around a ch mericarp typically 5-nerved or ribbed with one or more vertical oil tubes (visible in cross section) between the ribs and on the commissure. D The Sumac family (or Cashew family on a broader basis) contains shrubs and trees and vines. About 600 species in 70 genera. Many of the plants are tropical, and include edible mangoes, cashews and pistachios. However, many plants also contain oils that induce severe allergic responses (cashews, poison-ivy). Three species are native to our area: Rhus glabra (Smooth sumac) are shrubs from 5-10 ft tall; grow on rocky slopes in little forests of gnarly trunks. Leaves are compound, to 12 inch es long, with many leaflets. Rhus trilobata (Squawbush, Lemonade Sumac, Skunkbush) are bushy shrubs common on the canyon hillsides. Leaves are small and usually 3-lobed. Rhus radicans (Poison Ivy) Slender branches, usually low growing in our area. Leaves are dark shiny green, with 3 leaflets. Whitish berries in the fall. Common in moist areas of canyons. Most botanists now classify this plant as Toxicodendron rydbergii. Many of the plants have colorful leaves in the Fall. ANACARDIACEAE (Sumac Family) Trees, shrubs, or vines, often monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, with acrid. milky, or resinous sap. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, simple or more often pinnately or palmately compound; stipules lacking or minute. Flowers small (in our species), unisexual or rarely bisexual, usually radially symmetrical, borne in axillary or terminal panicles; sepals 5(3-7), united at the base, petals equal in number to the sepals or rarely lacking, free or more or less basally united; stamens equal to or double the number of petals, arising at the margin of a glandular ring or cuplike disc; pistil 1; ovary superior, 1-chambered; styles (ours), free or more often fused, at least below. Fruit a resinous, 1-seeded drupe. Sumac FamilyF Members of this largely tropical family yield mangoes, pistachio and cashew nuts, as well as various resins, lacquers, and oils. There are about 100 species in the Pondweed family, almost all in the genus of the same name. All are aquatic perennials, spreading by underground runners. Leaves of our species are submerged, and alternate along the stems. The family is worldwide, and some of the species are also. Flowers are unique, and define the family. The necessary sexual parts (stamens and styles) are surrounded by a ring of 4 objects, together called the perianth, as is a more usual ring of petals, sepals, etc. E )xperts disagree on how to interpret these, whether they arise from bracts or from stamens. Remains of some of these can be seen in Photo 2, along with the seeds. Different species can be extremely difficult, even for the expert. They are also difficult of access for all but the real enthusiast. 059-008L 060-007M 060-009Q Pondweed FamilyS Potamogeton U Pondweed PRIMULACEAEB -nd often slightly adherent to the style, the pollen granular, not adherent in waxy masses; pistil 1, the 2 ovaries superior, 1-chambered (ours), sharing a single style surmounted by a large variously shaped stigma. Fruit a follicle (ours) or capsule, seeds naked or with an apical tuft of soft hairs. Dogbane Family "Bane" is related to "banish", and Apocynum means "without dogs". I don't know whether there is substance to the naming, but many members of the dogbane family do contain poisonous substances. Some of these are being used as powerful medicinal drugs. The Dogbane family is large, about 1000 species in 150 genera. Its distribution is very wide, but mostly tropical. It includes herbs, shrubs, vines and trees. Many of the plants have milky juice; most have opposite leaves. It is closely relat FUMARIACEAE (Fumitory Family) Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with brittle stems and watery juice. Leaves alternate or sometimes entirely basal, several times compound, glabrous and glaucous. Flowers bisexual, bilaterally symmetrical, in bracteate racemes or panicles or occasionally solitary; sepals 2, often deciduous at flowering; petals 4, in 2 series, the outer 2 erect to spreading and one or both pouched or spurred at the base, the inner 2 smaller, usually fused and crested at B the apex, not spurred; stamens 6, in sets of 3, one set opposite each of the outer petals; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 1-chambered, with 1 style and an entire or 2-lobed stigma. Fruit a 1-seeded nutlet or (ours) a several-seeded capsule. Fumitory FamilyQ Fumitory FamilyS Corydalis Dicentra Fumaria U&Scrambled Eggs Bleedingheart Fumitory GENTIANACEAEB bags; pistil 1, typically composed of 2 free, nearly superior, 1-chambered ovaries, the 2 styles united at the apex by a common, 5-lobed (ours), often much enlarged stigma. Fruit of 1-several follicles per umbel; seeds numerous, flattened, each with an apical tuft of long silky hair. As interpreted by Woodson (1941), the "corona" of asclepiadaceous flowers may be composed of one or more of the following elements: (1) an outgrowth of the corolla tube, (2) a true corona consisting of an expaEfnsion of the staminal filaments, or (3) an apical sterile appendage arising from each of the anthers. Milkweed Family EBComposite, Sunflower or Daisy Family Daisy Family Sunflower FamilyG Compositae This is a vast family of worldwide distribution, its members ranging from small herbs to trees and shrubs. Numerically it has about 23,000 species in 1500 genera; locally we have 170 species, approximately 20% of the total excluding grasses and sedges. Behind this great diversity is a distinctive arrangement of flowers which gave rise to their older name of "composites". Individual flowers are very small (1/16 inch across), typically with a 5-lobed ring of joined petals. The sepals of eac unched flowers is usually a multi-layer ring of bracts which superficially may appear like a ring of sepals. Most composites have both kinds of flower (Photo 1, Sunflower), some have only disk flowers (Photo 2, thistle), and others only ray flowers (Photo 3, dandelion). The family is renowned for its horticultural importance; few are used for food (lettuce sunflower, artichoke). 085-002L 033-007M 020-013 cally with a 5-lobed ring of joined petals. The sepals of eac s. This becomes the various plumes and fluff that assist in seed dispersal. Hundreds of individual flowers may be grouped together in a single head to form a large flamboyant structure. Flowers at the edge of the array often are modified by having some of their petal lobes extend into the "rays" typical of the daisies and sunflowers. Those without the extension are called "disk" flowers. Overall the head may necio AIZOACEAE MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE AIZOACEAE / MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE (Carpetweed family) Herbs or rarely subshrubs, often succulent. Leaves simple, opposite or appearing whorled, rarely alternate; stipules membranous or lacking. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymose clusters, bisexual, radially symmetrical, apetalous, hypogynous to epigynous; calyx 5-8-lobed or parted; stamens 5, each primary stamen divided into many secondary ones, some of these petaloid and sterile in one genbus; pistil 1, the ovary superior or inferiing whorled, rarely alternate; stipules membranous or lacking. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymose clusters, bisexual, radially symmetrical, apetalous, hypogynous to epigynous; calyx 5-8-lobed or parted; stamens 5, each primary stamen divided into many secondary ones, some of these petaloid and sterile in one genbus; pistil 1, the ovary superior or inferi ted by a pappus (a series of scales, bristles, or awns) subtending the corolla at the apex of the ovary and often persistent on the mature fruit; corolla of (4) 5 fused petals, the limb strap-shaped or 5-lobed as described above, rarely (not in ours) 2-lipped, in a few genera lacking in pistillate flowers; stamens (4) 5, the filaments arising from the corolla tube, the anthers 2-celled, usually elongate, free or more often fused to form a tube around the style, in some genera lobed or tail +ed at the base, in others appendaged at the apex; pistil 1, the ovary inferior and 1-chambered, the style 1 with 2 branches, these often appendaged, or the style undivided in functionally staminate flowers. Fruit an achene capped by a pappus, in some genera the pappus readily deciduous or lacking. ray flowers (Photo 3, dandelion). The family is renowned for its horticultural importance; few are used for food (lettuce sunflower, artichoke). 085-002L 033-007M 020-013 The Borage Family has about a hundred genera and 2000 species. It is worldwide, with especial concentrations in western North America, the Mediterranean, and Asia. A few are cultivated as ornamentals, e.g. Forget-me-nots, a few are edible (some Bluebells), but on the whole they are of little impact economically. Typically our plants are annual or perennial herbs of modest size, but some tropical plants are woody. It often requires a good magnifier or microscope to decide which species a plant belongs to, or even whether it belongs in the Borage family. Helpful features that suggest an answer (but don't guarantee it): 1) very hairy stems and leaves; 2) flowers small, petals joined into a 5-lobed tube, often flattened as in Forget-me-nots; 3) fruits come in packets of 4 "nutlets", sometimes covered with hooked spines, and so sticking to clothing. Our common local members include: Stickseed (Hackelia), Bluebell (Mertensia), Houndstongue (Cynoglossum), Stoneseed (Lithosperm The Birch family consists of 6 genera of trees and shrubs totalling about 160 species, the most important of which are the Alders (Alnus) and the Birches (Betula). An interesting feature of these and many other wind-pollinated trees is that flowers are segregated into separate sexes, unlike the situation with most plants. Flowers are borne on either male or female catkins, which often appear before the leaves - the pollen is thereby more readily dispersed to its target. When catkins of b oth sexes occur on the same plant it is callen "monoecious". This is the case with the Birch Family and the Beech Family. Other times separate plants carry the male and female catkins, the Willow Family being the prime example here - this type is "dioecious". family family's favorite feather-typed featheryd featureK featuresD feetF femaleK fern-like ferns fewer fiberQ fieldX figwortM filamentsd fineP firstD first-namedB flamboyantI flatsedge^ flattenedL flavorfulF flavoringQ flesh fleshy\ fliesH flora^ floral flowerF floweringB flowersA flowers bisexual separate petals BRASSICACEAE / CRUCIFERAE (Mustard or Cabbage Family) Annual to perennial herbs, rarely small shrubs; herbage glabrous or pubescent with simple or variously branched hairs. Leaves simple or compound, basal leaves when present often rosette-forming, stem leaves alternate or rarely opposite, those of at least the upper stem often sessile and auriculate-clasping. Flowers bisexual (ours), radially symmetrical or nearly so, in ebracteate or less often bracteate simple or compound racemes; se pals 4, free, in 2 opposite pairs, one pair often somewhat pouched at the base; petals 4, free, yellow to white or pink to some shade of purple, commonly clawed, sometimes lacking; stamens 6, the outer 2 usually shorter than the other 4 (tetradynamous), or in some species reduced to 4 or 2; pistil 1; ovary superior, divided into 2 chambers by a membranous false septum (replum) formed by the union of vestigial carpels, or 1-chambered in Isatis; style 1, occasionally lacking, the stigma enti BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Monoecious shrubs or trees. Leaves deciduous, alternate (often clustered on spur shoots), simple, and toothed; stipules soon deciduous. Staminate flowers in numerous clusters of 3-6, spirally arranged along the axis of spreading or drooping catkins, each cluster subtended by a papery bract, the individual flower consisting of 0-4 sepals and 1-10 stamens; pistillate flowers in small headlike clusters or in numerous groups of 2 or 3 spirally arranged along the ax Uis of a catkin, each cluster subtended by a papery or, in AInus, a woody bract, the individual flower consisting of 0-4 sepals and 1 pistil, the sepals arising above the ovary and the ovary inferior or, in Alnus and Betula, the sepals obsolete and the ovary appearing superior, the stigmas 2. Fruit a nut or a nutlet, with or without wings. Birch Family merous groups of 2 or 3 spirally arranged along the ax oincushion occur in the mountains to the west of Utah Lake, and might be expected in the Oquirrhs within our area proper (Salt Lake and Davis counties). Apart from their spines the cacti are renowned for their flowers, which can be truly spectacular. Many large showy petals surround a huge cluster of stamens: insects seem to be drunk as they wallow in such luxury. 060-006Q Cactus FamilyS Opuntia Prickly Pear Hedgehog Cactus CALLITRICHACEAEB ly radially symmetrical, and solitary; perianth segments usually numerous, the sepals and petals gradually intergrading, these and the staminal filaments fused below to form a short to elongate floral tube; stamens numerous; pistil 1, the ovary inferior and 1-chambered, the style 1 with 4-12 stigmas. Fruit a many- re or shallowly to deeply bilobed. Fruit sessile or occasionally stipitate, variable from linear to globose, called a silique when more than 3 times as long as wide or a silicle if no more than 3 times as long as wide, often slightly to strongly compressed either parallel with or at right angles to the replum, in some species indehiscent or breaking transversely into 1- or 2-seeded segments, more commonly opening from below by 2 valves, the valves ultimately falling, the membranous replum (persistent, enclosed in the framelike, ovule-bearing margin of the carpels; style typically persistent and sometimes beaklike; seeds 1-many on each side of the replum (or occasionally 1 chamber sterile), orbicular to oblong, plump to flattened, often wing-margined, smooth or striate to pitted. E(Mustard or Cabbage Family Cabbage Family t for identifying: if it has more or less than 4 petals it is not a mustard. There are several other things they all have in common, but are not easy for the amateur to decide. Large numbers of ornamental and culinary plants (cabbage, broccoli, mustard, horse radish) make this an important family economically. With few exceptions the individual flowers are small (1/4 inch or so) but borne in clusters. Seed pods are typically either long and thin (siliques) or short and fat (silicles). Th uey play an important part in identifying plants, and are often indispensable - very frustrating when you want to know what this flower is, and don't have pods. Some of our most importabt genera are: Alyssum, Rock Cress (Arabis), Draba, Cabbage/Mustard (Brassica), and Peppergrass (Lepidium). Several aggressive weeds are also among them including Dyer's Woad and Whitetop. E(Mustard or Cabbage Family Cabbage Family acking, the stigma enti Pea or Bean Family Bean Family Pea Family One of the largest of flowering plant families, the pea family includes numerous herbs, shrubs, vines, and trees cultivated for their flowers or for their edible fruits. Among the latter are peanuts or groundnuts and the many varieties ofpeas and beans, including soy and lima beans. Some species of Fabaceae have on their roots nodules which contain bacteria capable of using atmospheric nitrogen. Such plant are often of considerable value in improving nitrogen-deficient soils. sepals 5, in most genera fused to some degree; corolla arising at the rim of a short to obsolete floral tube, generall composed of 5 free or partially fused petals, in the subfamily Papilionoideae (most of ours) termed "papilionaceous" with the uppermost petal (banner) usually the largest, the 2 lateral petals (wings) clawed at the base and free or lightly fused at the tips, the 2 lower petals partially fused, forming a boat-shaped structure (keel) hemlockF henbane heron'si heron's billi holly holly hollyhock holosteum honeysuckle horehound hornwort horsebrush horsemint horsetail hound'sL hound's tongueL huckleberry husktomato hutchinsia hymenoxys hyssopt indian indian paintbrush inkweed iodineW iodine bushW ivesia jacob's jacob's ladder jamesia jasmine jimson jimson joe-pyeI joe-pye weedI john'so junegrass juniper kittentails knapweed knotweed labradorb labrador ladder ladies ladies tresses lady's lady's slipper larch larkspur laurel aurel laurel aurel laurel larkspur arkspur moonwort morningX morning gloryX motherwort mountainI mountain dandelionI mountain loverU mulesears mustard CALLITRICACEAE (Water Starwort Family) Aquatic or terrestrial, annual or perennial, monoecious (ours) herbs; stems tufted, slender, usually lax. Leaves simple and entire, opposite (rarely whorled) linear and 1-nerved, or in some species the upper leaves broader, 3-5-nerved, and in rosettes at the ends of branches; stipules lacking. Flowers minute, generally unisexual, the staminate 1-3, the pistillate usually solitary, both forms axillary and in some species subtended by a pair of oblon g to obliquely oval, sometimes inflated, membranous bractlets; perianth lacking; the staminate flower consisting of a single anther on a slender filament, the pistillate of a single pistil with a superior, deeply 4-lobed ovary and 2 threadlike styles, the stigmas entire, not expanded. Fruit a compressed, 4-lobed schizocarp, ultimately separating into 4 (fewer by abortion) mericarps, these 1-seeded, flattened, minutely pitted, winged or wingless. C5seeded berry, fleshy or ultimately dry and leathery. Cactus Family The Cactus family is exclusively New World, originating as tropical broad-leaved plants (photo 1), and ending up as mostly succulent, leafless, spiny desert plants (photos 2 & 3). A similar evolution has taken place with a few other plant families, notably the Euphorbias in Africa. Despite the outward resemblance of the plants the flowers are utterly different. Two genera of cacti, maybe three, live in our area, though I have seen only the Prickly Pears in Salt Lake County. Hedgehog and P fine strips. Several popular garden species are included here also. Locally we have a single member from each subfamily. Creeping Bellflower is actually a European native which has found a home here, and is sometimes invasive. Shore Downingia is a small plant found around drying pools. L to details of chemistry and genetics. Some modern researchers actually place them in the Mustard family. Less drastic revision of the Caper family leads to our few species being included in a new smaller Cleome family. Our 3 species are the two Bee Plants, showy roadside annuals, and Clammy Weed, a sticky annual of waste areas. 033-017L 000-003M 041-032Q Caper FamilyS Cleome Polanisia U!Beeplant Spider Flower Polanisia CAPRIFOLIACEAEB usually situated between the petals and the stamens; stamens 4-many, occasionally fused at the base, equal to or much exceeding the petals; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1-chambered, generally stipitate. Fruit indehiscent or (ours) a 2-valved, 1-chambered, generally stipitate capsule; seeds few to many, compressed, orbicular or ovate to kidney-shaped, smooth The Honeysuckle family is of moderate size with about 15 genera and 400 species. Most of these are in the Honeysuckle genus (Lonicera) and Viburnum of about 150 species each. They are most abundant in northern temperate regions. Typically the plants are shrubs, vines or small trees. Flowers are frequently twinned. Many are reminiscent of a small bell, fairly symmetrical and 5-lobed. Just as with the Bellflower family, however, another group of plants have flowers with 2 distinct lobes. IB n this case both types of flowr occur within the same genus, Honeysuckle proper. Fruits include berries, drupes (cherry-like), and capsules. We have half a dozen species in our area, including several native shrubs and some escapes from cultivation. 064-026L 106-002M 089-002Q Honeysuckle FamilyS!Lonicera Sambucus Symphoricarpos Pink FamilyS\Arenaria Cerastium Holosteum Lychnis Sagina Saponaria Silene Spergularia Stellaria Vaccaria Sandwort Chickweed Holosteum Whitecockle Pearlwort Soapwort Campion Catchfly Wild Pink Sandspurrey Starwort Chickweed Cowcockle CELASTRACEAEB CELASTRACEAE (Staff Tree Family) Woody vines, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves evergreen or deciduous, opposite or occasionally alternate, simple; stipules small and soon deciduous or lacking. Flowers small, bisexual or unisexual, radially symmetrical, perigynous, commonly borne on jointed pedicels; sepals 4-6, fused at the base, persistent; petals 4, free, spreading, rarely lacking; stamens equal in number to, or twice as many as the sepals, arising opposite the sepals at the margin of B a flattened, lobed, or cuplike disc; pistil 1, the ovary superior, the solitary style short to obsolete, the stigma globose or 2-5-lobed. Fruit a drupe, capsule, samara, or follicle. The Pink family is fairly large (70 genera and 2200 species), mostly found in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Economically it is most important for its horticural members such as Pinks. They are annual or perennial herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers are symmetrical with 4 or 5 free petals. In some genera the sepals ar fused into a bladdery tube from which the petals may scarcely emerge (e.g. the Catchfly or Campion genus). Seeds are usually held in a capsule. Cultivated geB nera include Dianthus (Pink), Gypsophila (Baby's Breath), Saponaris (Bouncing Bet), and Vaccaria (Cockle). Our commonest native genera include Chickweed (Starwort), Sandwort, and Campion, but none is especially noticeable in the large context. ny tiny wind-dispersed seeds, each with a plume of fine white hairs - the cotton of cottonwoods. In our area, and mostly elsewhere, the Poplars are all trees. Willows are a tremendously important group in the arctic, where shrubs have diversified. Locally they are a mixture of shrubs and trees. On the whole: Poplars have broader leaves with longer stalks, usually flattened; leaf buds have several resinous scales; catkins hang down. Willows have narrower leaves with short stalks whicCXh are round; leaf buds have a single non-resinous scale; catkins stivk up or spread out. 108-017M 055-001Q Willow FamilyS Populus Salix Poplar Cottonwood Aspen Willow SALVINIACEAEB The Goosefoot family is well represented in our area, being one that is well adapted to life in poor soil with little rainfall. Several of our species are in fact immigrants from similar area in Eurasia and Africa. The family itself is quite large, with 100 genera and 1300 species. Because close scrutiny shows no fundamental differences from the Amaranth family, the two are being merged. They will take the name Amaranthaceae, because that was in use first. They vary from annuals to trees . Many of the plants are monoecious or dioecious - they have single-sexed flowers, on the same plant, or on different plants, respectively. Petals are lacking, the sepals being variously thick, hairy, encrusted, or even lacking. It is often difficult to decide where the flowers are. Some of the largest genera locally are Goosefoot (Chenopodium) and Saltbush (Atripllex). Imported weeds include Russian Thistle, Halogeton and Lambsquarters. ), Correll and Johnston , 970), and Thorne (1976), place the genus Cuscuta within the family Convolvulaceae (see comment under Cuscutaceae). The Morning-Glory family is fairly large, 1000 species in 50 genera. They are perennials, mostly twining vines. Some are cultivated as ornamentals for their large bell-shaped flowers, often bright blues, pinks or purples. Leaves are alternate, and seeds are contained in a small capsule. They are sparsely represented here. We have a single inconspicuous native Alkali Weed (Cressa truxillensis), an occasional Hedge Bindweed (Calystegia sepium), and the ubiquitous Field Bindweed (ConvolvulusB arvensis). 099-030L 122-021M 099-029Q Morning Glory Family Morning Glory FamilyF Many contemporary workers, including Tutin et al. (1972), Correll and Johnston , 970), and Thorne (1976), place the genus Cuscuta within the family Convolvulaceae (see comment under Cuscutaceae). The Morning-Glory family is fairly large, 1000 species in 50 genera. They are perennials, mostly twining vines. Some are cultivated as ornamentals for their large bell-shaped flowers, often bright blues, pinks or purples. Leaves are alternate, and seeds are contained in a small capsule. They are sparsely represented here. We have a single inconspicuous native Alkali Weed (Cressa truxillensis), an occasional Hedge Bindweed (Calystegia sepium), and the ubiquitous Field Bindweed (ConvolvulusB arvensis). 099-030L 122-021M 099-029Q Morning Glory Family CRASSULACEAE (Stonecrop Family) Annual or perennial succulent herbs (ours). Leaves fleshy, deciduous or persistent, alternate or opposite, simple or rarely compound. Flowers nearly always bisexual, radially symmetrical, commonly 4- or 5-merous, solitary and axillary or more often in terminal cymes or panicles; sepals fused at the base; petals equal to the sepals in number, free or fused to some degree at the base, usually persistent; stamens free, equal to or twice the number of the peB tals; pistils 4 or 5, free or weakly joined below; ovary superior; style short and beaklike or elongate and threadlike. Fruit of erect to spreading, free or basally fused follicles, each subtended by a small scalelike nectary; seeds 1-numerous. Stonecrop Family ally symmetrical, 5(4-8)-merous, the staminate flowers in axillary racemes or panicles, the pistillate flowers 1 or 2 in the leaf axils; sepals usually fused at the base; petals fused to some degree; stamens 1-5 but usually 3, two with 2-celled anthers and 1 wit h a 1-celled anther; pistil 1, the ovary inferior and 1-chambered, the style 1(3). Fruit usually a berry, sometimes large with a spongy interior and a leathery rind (pepo). Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber) and Cucurbita pepo L. are among the better known members of this family, the numerous varieties of the latter including vegetable marrow, and many types of squashes as well as ornamental gourds. The Stonecrop family is large and diverse, with 1500 species in 30 genera worldwide. They are concentrated in dry temperate climates. Many of them are adapted in various ways to arid conditions, leading to some extraordinary shapes which invite cultivation - stem and leaf succulents such as the Jade Plants, Dudleyas, Sedums and Crassulas. A less obvious adaptation is a biochemical one: plants keep their leaf pores closed during the day, minimizing water loss. They are opened at night to leBwt in carbon dioxide, which is trapped for later use. We have only a single genus in our area, the Stonecrops (Sedum). Stonecrop FamilyS Sedum Stonecrop CUCURBITACEAEB he base to form a short calyx; corolla white or nearly so, bell-shaped to cylindric, shallowly to deeply lobed; stamens arising just below the sinuses between corolla lobes, the portion of the filament fused with the corolla often covered at the base by apically fringed structures (corolla scales); pistil 1, the overy superior and 2-chambered, with 2 free or rarely basally fused styles (occasionally obsolete), each with a globose to subglobose or narrowly elongate stigma. Fruit a membranouCCs capsule, indehiscent or circumscissile near the base; seeds 1-4. Dodder Family e same direction, but temporarily it is being kept as a separate family. 015-036L 042-006M 123-029Q Dodder FamilyS&Calystegia Convolvulus Cressa Cuscuta The Cypress family is of worldwide distribution. They are evergreen coniferous trees or shrubs, about 120 species in 17-30 genera, depending on how they are split. Many are well known in the wild, or as ornamentals. A number are important for lumber. Leaves are small, usually scale-like. They can be opposite or whorled, and overlapping so as to cover the stem in young shoots. True flowers are absent. Cones are single-sexed, with both on the same tree (monoecious) or on separate trees (dio decious). Male, pollen-bearing cones are small, female, seed cones are more or less fleshy to woody. Notable genera include Cypress, Juniper, Arbor-Vitae, Sequoia, Hemlock. Only Juniper is native to our area, with three species locally. In our region "Cedar" in place names refers to Juniper rather than true Cedars which are members of the Pine family. 081-003 ed by a small, more or less membranous bract (scale) and arranged in spikes or spikelets, these variously disposed in heads, racemes, or panicles, occasionilly solitary, perianth lacking or represented by 1-many bristles, in Carex the pistillate flowers enclosed in a saclike structure (perigynium); stamens (1) 3; ovary superior and 1-chambered, the style 1 with 2 or 3 (4) stigmas. Fruit an achene, lenticular or 3 (4)-angled in accordance with the number of styles. mThe Dogwood family has about 100 species in 12 genera, but is sometimes broken into more than one family. Typically the members are perennials, shrubs or trees. Several cultivated as ornamentals, especially Dogwoods and the evergreen Aucuba. A few are grow for timber. Our only representative is the Red Osier Dogwood, a common and familiar shrub along waterways. Dogwood FamilyS Cornus Dogwood CRASSULACEAEB Dogwood Family ach with an entire stigma. Fruit a 1- or 2-seeded drupe, rarely a berry. Dogwood Family 099-030L 122-021M 099-029Q Morning Glory Family The Elm family is one of trees and shrubs with alternate leaves, usually simple and serrated. The flowers are inconspicuous, often separately male and female. Fruits are fleshy drupes (cherry type, with a hard pit), or samaras (winged like an ash or maple). Despite important similarities, botanists now tend to divide the family as it was defined, separating the Hackberries and some related plants with fleshy fruits into a separate Hackberry family. That is how it will be done in the new w edition of Arnow's book. As of the first ediion we had just 2 species: Netleaf Hackberry is a shrub or small tree (Celtis reticulata), native to the area (photos 1 and 2). Will be in CELTIDACEAE. Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila) is one of the pest trees introduced from Asia, and gaining a tenacious hold on parts of our Jordan River Parkway (Photo 3). Will remain in ULMACEAE. 075-014L 076-014M 077-016Q Sedge FamilyS!Carex Cyperus Eleocharis Scirpus U"Sedge Flatsedge Spikerush Bulrush DIPSACACEAEB DIPSACACEAE (Teasel Family) Annual to perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, simple; stipules lacking. Flowers small, bisexual or pistillate, bilaterally or radially symmetrical, sympetalous, borne in interrupted spikes or (ours) numerous and sessile on a common receptacle, forming compact heads subtended by an involucre, the individual flowers often subtended by receptacular bracts and by an involucel of fused bractlets; calyx cup-shaped or cleft into 4 or 5 lobesB or sometimes into numerous bristlelike segments; corolla 4- or 5-lobed, more or less 2-lipped; stamens 2 or 4, epipetalous; ovary inferior, 1-chambered, the style threadlike with an entire or 2-lobed stigma. Fruit an achene. Teasel Family The Oleaster family is a small one, with 3 genera and about 45 species, scattered around the world. They are woody shrubs and trees, often thorny. Hippophae (3 species) is restricted to Europe, Buffaloberry (Shepherdia 3 species) occurs in the western U.S., and the other members are all in the Russian Olive genus Elaeagnus. Flowers lack petals, but the 4 sepals are relatively petal-like, usually yellow. Fruits are olive-like with a hard pit and fleshy exterior. Oleaster FamilyS Elaeagnus Shepherdia Russian Olive Buffaloberry EQUISETACEAEB Teasel Family The Teasel family r of styles. es) and ornamental plants (azaleas, rhododendrons, madrone and heather). Apart from very technical features, the flowers are fairly distinctive: they usually hang downwards, are radially symmetrical with 4 or 5 separate sepals, but with all the petals fused into a bell having 4 or 5 lobes. Many have only a small opening to the bell. Fruits can be capsules, berries or drupes (hard pit inside fleshy casing). Locally we have only a few species from the family, plus several Wintergreens. 112-029L 064-025M 061-022Q Heath FamilyS&Arctostaphylos Kalmia Ledum Vaccinium U4Manzanita Laurel Labrador Tea Blueberry Huckleberry EUPHORBIACEAEB Heath Family ke structure (strobilus). ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves usually evergreen, alternate, opposite, or whorled, simple; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially or rarely slightly bilaterally symmetrical, 4- or 5-merous, solitary or clustered in leaf axils or in racemes or umbels; sepals usually fused, at least at the base; petals fused or free; stamens equal in number to or twice as many as the corolla lobes, rarely fewer, arising from the outer margin of a hypogynous or ep igynous disc or in specialized pouches of the corolla, the anthers inverted or erect, usually opening by terminal pores, sometimes awned; pistil 1, the ovary superior or rarely inferior, (1) 4-12-chambered, with an erect (ours) style. Fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe. Heath Family The family Pyrolaceae is often treated as a subfamily of Ericaceae. Heather, rhododendrons, and azaleas are members of this family prized for their horticultural value; other species provide edible fruit, e.g., huckleberries, blueberries, and cranberries. The Heath family has close to 3000 species in 130 genera, if one includes several small groups that are often regarded as separate families. One such group is the Wintergreen family, which is separated as the Pyrolaceae by many workers, including Arnow. Plants are mostly evergreen shrubs, subshrubs and trees. They are cosmopolitan, with major concentrations in mountainous Asia (rhododendrons), southern Africa (heaths) and the eastern U.S. Economically they are important as food (blueberri ry, or drupe. Heath Family The spurge family includes many ornamental plants, among them poinsettia and the castor oil plant, both of which contain toxic principles. The Spurge family is truly mind-boggling in what it includes, especially the Spurge genus itself (Euphorbia). Nearly 7,000 species are divided into 300 genera, of worldwide distribution, most diverse in the tropics. There is no one simple way to quickly identify a member of the family. They are variously poisonous and edible - or both if treated properly. Roots of the cassava are an important source of food only after proper workup to remove toxins. Many in the family have a milky latex a Sually hidden. Classic bean flowers. The majority; present almost everywhere, including here. Photo 3 shows flower of Astragalus: large banner rises above a pair of white wings, between which is the keel. This is actually a pair of petals partly joined and wrapped around the stamens. These are mostly fused along their filaments (stalks). keel) ; stamens 1-numerous, the filaments free or fused, in most of ours the stamens 10 and the filaments all fused (monadelphous) or 9 fused and 1 free (diadelphous); pistil 1, the ovary superior and 1-chambered, the solitary style often persistent and beaklike on the fruit. Fruit commonly a legume and dehiscent lengthwise along both the ventral suture and the dorsal midrib or occasionally a loment and constricted between the seeds and ultimately breaking crosswise into 1-seeded indehiscent segDJments, in Glycyrrhiza the fruit burlike and indehiscent; seeds 1-several. fused petals, in the subfamily Papilionoideae (most of ours) termed "papilionaceous" with the uppermost petal (banner) usually the largest, the 2 lateral petals (wings) clawed at the base and free or lightly fused at the tips, the 2 lower petals partially fused, forming a boat-shaped structure (keel) Beech or Oak Family Oak FamilyS Quercus FRANKENIACEAEB FRANKENIACEAE (Alkali Heath Family) Annual to perennial herbs or small shrubs. Leaves opposite or appearing whorled, simple, entire; stipules lacking. Flowers generally bisexual, radially symmetrical, solitary or in cymes; sepals 4-7, fused for more than half their length to form a strongly ribbed tube, persistent in fruit; petals 4-7, free, clawed, with a scalelike appendage on the claw; stamens usually 6, in 2 whorls; ovary superior and 1-chambered with a 2-4-cleft style. Fruit a capsB ule, seeds few to numerous. Alkali Heath Family AVThere is a single genus, Frankenia, in this small family. See there for descriptions. Alkali Heath FamilyS Frankenia Alkali Heath FUMARIACEAEB . Classic bean flo keel) vested at the base by a cuplike involucre. Beech or Oak Family Oak Family The Beech or Oak family has about 900 species in 9 genera. All are shrubs and/or trees, some of them truly magnificent. The family is restricted to the Northern Hemisphere; the Southern Hemisphere has a closely related family, the Nothofagaceae, again, some of them being magnificent trees. Half of the 900 species are Oak (Quercus), while relatively few are Beech (Fagus). However, because Fagus was officially named first, then the whole family is named after it. The flowers are separate ma (keel) E1Legume, Pea or Bean Family Bean Family Pea Family One of the largest of flowering plant families, the pea family includes numerous herbs, shrubs, vines, and trees cultivated for their flowers or for their edible fruits. Among the latter are peanuts or groundnuts and the many varieties ofpeas and beans, including soy and lima beans. Some species of Fabaceae have on their roots nodules which contain bacteria capable of using atmospheric nitrogen. Such plant are often of considerable value in improving nitrogen-deficient soils. cent; seeds 1-several. nt; masses of showy stamens give bottlebrush effect. None native here. Acacia, Mimosa worldwide. Caesalpinia-type trees/shrubs; feathery leaves; petals showy; stamens showy. None native here, a few in Utah. Caesalpinia, Senna. Bean-type herbs to trees; leaves varied; petals showy; stamens us keel) LINACEAE (Flax Family) Annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite to rarely whorled, usually sessile and entire; stipules lacking or reduced to glands. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, in terminal cymes or racemes; sepals (4)5, in 2 series, free or fused at the base, persistent; petals (4)5, free or rarely basally fused, readily deciduous; fertile stamens 5 (ours) or 10 or more staminodes sometimes present, the filaments usually expanded and fB used at the base; pistil 1, the ovary superior with (2-4)5 carpels and 2-5 free or basally fused styles, the stigmas subglobose to linear or club-shaped. Fruit a drupe or a 2-5(l3)-chambered capsule; seeds 1(2) per chamber. Flax FamilyQ Flax FamilyS Linum LOASACEAE B Alkali Heath FamilyS Frankenia oth wind RHAMNACEAE (Buckthorn Family) Shrubs, small trees, or woody vines, rarely herbs. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite; stipules persistent or soon deciduous. Flowers bisexual (or unisexual in a few species of Rhamnus), radially symmetrical, perigynous or sometimes epigynous, 4- or 5-merous, in headlike clusters or in cymose or umbellate panicles, rarely solitary; sepals and petals (4) 5 (the latter rarely lacking), arising with the stamens at the apex of a disc-lined floral tube; stamenB s (4) 5, opposite the petals and alternate with the sepals; pistil 1, the ovary superior or partially inferior, 1-4-chambered, the style 1, entire or 2-4-cleft. Fruit a capsule, a drupe, a berry, or rarely a samara. Buckthorn Family ONAGRACEAE (Evening Primrose Family) Annual or perennial herbs (ours), rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple, entire or toothed to pinnatifid, occasionally pinnately compound; stipules lacking or reduced to minute glands. Flowers bisexual, radially or occasionally weakly bilaterally symmetrical, solitary and axillary or in bracteate spikes or racemes; sepals 2 or 4(5), arising with the petals and stamens from the receptacle or at the apex of a floral tube, free o ;r fused at the base; petals 2 or 4(5), free, rarely lacking, stamens 2 or 4(5) in one whorl or 8(10) in two whorls, pistil 1, the ovary inferior, (1 or 2)4(5)-chambered, the style 1 with a 4-lobed or globose to disc-shaped stigma. Fruit a many-seeded capsule or in some species dry and indehiscent, rarely a berry. Evening Primrose Family 9The Adder's Tongue family comprises a small group of unusual fern-like plants, sufficiently different from true ferns as to be placed in a separate order (grouping of families). They are soft and fleshy, occurring worldwide in wet places. There are three genera, only one of which is known to occur in our area. Adder's Tongue FamilyS Botrychium Grape Fern ORCHIDACEAEB ORCHIDACEAE (Legume, Orchid Family) Perennial herbs or vines, sometimes saprophytic and lacking chlorophyll. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple, entire, often basally sheathing, sometimes recuced to scales. Flowers in our species bisexual, bilaterally symmetrical, solitary, or in spikes or racemes; sepals 3, free and spreading or the upper sepal connivent with the 2 lateral petals, sometimes the lateral pair partially to completely united under the lip; petals 3, the lateral ones ofte 059-003L 050-022M 035-004Q Poppy FamilyS Argemone U'Prickly Poppy Poppy California Poppy PINACEAEB PINACEAE (Pine or Conifer Family) Monoecious (ours), resinous trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen or rarely deciduous, linear or needlelike, solitary and spirally arranged or fascicled, sometimes clustered on spur shoots. Male cones small, with numerous spirally arranged, papery scales, each scale with 2 pollen-producing microsporangia at the base on the dorsal side, the cones deciduous after pollen is shed; female cones large, 3-50 cm long, maturing in 1-3 years, papery or more often wo ody, erect or pendent at maturity, with numerous, spirally arranged scales, each scale subtended by a free, somewhat papery bract and bearing 2 ovule-producing megasporangia on the ventral surface; seeds naked, 2 at the base of each scale, terminally winged or wingless. nute, very n OXALIDACEAE (Woodsorrel Family) Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees, often with sour, watery sap (oxalic acid). Leaves alternate, ternately or palmately compound; stipules reduced or lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical or nearly so, solitary or in cymose or umbellate clusters; sepals 5, free or nearly so, persistent; petals 5 (lacking in cleistogamous flowers), free or loosely fused near the base; stamens 10 in 2 unequal series, the outer opposite the petals, the filB aments basally fused; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 5-chambered, the 5 styles free, with usually globose stigmas. Fruit a capsule or berry; seeds several to numerous. Woodsorrel Family The Woodsorrel family is dominated by the genus Oxalis which has 800 of the 880 species. D umerous. Orchid Family The Orchid family is one of the largest in terms of numbers - about 500 genera and 15,000 species. Most of this diversification occurs in the tropical rain forests, with many species living attached (but not parasitic upon) trees. A common feature is that orchids live in close association with root fungi that enable them to gain nutrients from the surroundings. Despite the image of large showy flowers, most of our local species are relatively inconspicuous. What they all have in common ar PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family) Annual to perennial herbs or rarely trees or shrubs, usually with milky or colored juice. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite or whorled, simple or compound. Flowers bisexuall, radially symmetrical, usually solitary; sepals 2 or 3, generally free, falling away as the flower opens; petals free, 4 or 6, rarely more numerous or lacking; stamens usually numerous, free; pistil 1, the 2-several carpels sometimes free or loosely united, the ovary superior, 1-chamberB ed or rarely incompletely many-chambered, the style 1 or frequently lacking, the stigma entire or 2-many-lobed. Fruit a capsule, opening by valves or subterminal pores; seeds generally numerous. Poppy Family included within the Poppy family. e decisive characters are most often to do with spikelet structure, and require a microscope. Consequently, descriptions are omitted for most species that lack a particular interest. Even in our small area we have well over 100 species Grass Family Aegilops Agrohordeum (X) Agropyron Agrositanion (X) Agrostis Alopecurus Apera Aristida Arrhenatherum Avena Beckmannia Bromus Calamagrostis Catabrosa Cenchrus Chloris Cinna Cynodon Dactylis Dactyloctenium Danthonia Deschampsia Digitaria Distichlis Echinochloa Eleusine Elymus Elysitanion (X) Eragrostis Festuca Glyceria Holcus Hordeum Koeleria Leersia Leptochloa Leucopoa Lolium Melica Muhlenbergia Oryzopsis Panicum Phalaris Phleum Phragmites Polypogon Puccinellia Sclerochloa Secale SetariB?a Sitanion Sorghum Spartina Sporobolus Stipa Trisetum Triticum ry or secondary axis (rachis), the ultimate inflorescence a spike, raceme, or 062-006L 062-002M 100-021Q Pine FamilyS$Abies Larix Picea Pinus Pseudotsuga U"Fir Larch Spruce Douglas Fir PLANTAGINACEAEB PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain Family) Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate or more often entirely basal in rosettes, simple, entire or obscurely toothed to lobed; stipules lacking. Flowers small, bisexual or unisexual, radially symmetrical or the sepals slightly asymmetrical, sympetalous, borne in long-peduncled bracteate spikes or heads, sepals 4, free or occasionally fused, persistent; corolla membranous, 4-lobed, usually capping the developing capsule; staB mens (1-3) 4, epipetalous mostly exserted; ovary superior, 1-4-chambered, the style 1 with an unbranched, elongate stigma. Fruit indehiscent or a circumscissile capsule; seeds 1-many in each chamber. Plantain Family nifer Family Leaves r pendent at maturity, with numerous, spirally arranged scales, each scale subtended by a free, somewhat papery bract and bearing 2 ovule-producing megasporangia on the ventral surface; seeds naked, 2 at the base of each scale, terminally winged or wingless. nged or wingless. The Grass family is truly daunting, with nearly 9,000 species in 650 genera worldwide. Almost all are herbs, but the tropical bamboos are essentially trees. Economically they are of the greatest significance, the grain providing food for much of the human population of the world (wheat, rice, corn, etc.). Likewise they are the base of an enormous food chain, supporting the grazing animals. Stems are usually unbranched, swollen at the nodes, and hollow between the nodes. Leaves are "grassl ike", relatively long and narrow, with parallel veins. Individual flowers lack sepals and petals, and are grouped into a hierarchy of structures, with bracts. Spikelets contain 1-20 flowers, and the spikelets are further built up into clusters and more elaborate structures. Nearly all species are easily recognized as grasses by the layman, but to tell them apart (even as far as knowing the genus) taxes even an experienced botanist. Apart from standouts such as corn and the Common Reed, th The Rose family is of outstanding importance to humans, with numerous plants cultivated for food or ornamental value (sometimes both). It contains a range of forms that makes it hard for the layperson to grasp what they have in common. There are tiny annual herbs, shrubs, trees and vines. Fruits vary from single-seeded achenes which may be plumed (mountain mahogany) or in a juicy case (raspberry), to large plump pomes (apples) or stone fruits (plums, peaches). Flowers are often showy wit h large petals, and fragrant. One thing that is distinctive is that stamens are typically 10 or more (Photo 1) - but the same is true of several other groups, including the Buttercup family. Another useful feature is that flowers often have a ring of bracts alternating with the sepals (Photo 2), something that quickly separates the Buttercups from the Cinquefoils. Fruit usually develops below the sepals and petals, as seen in Photo 3, where the rose hip still has sepals attached. A floral POLEMONIACEAE (Phlox Family) Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, rarely small trees or vines. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or compound. Flowers bisexual, radially or rarely bilaterally symmetrical, sympetalous, solitary or more commonly in few to numerous, often leafy-bracteate cymose clusters terminal on stems and branches, sometimes the flowers surpassed by subtending branches and appearing axillary; sepals fused to form a tubular calyx, the tube entirely herbaceous or with a lternating green ribs and membranous intervals (in Collomia the tube soon becoming more or less uniformly membranous), (4)5-lobed at the apex, the lobes equal or unequal, often narrow and toothlike, sometimes pungent-tipped; corolla saucer-shaped to salverform, the limb (4)5-lobed; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes, arising from the tube at the same or at different levels; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 3-chambered, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed, the style 1 with (1)3 linear stig POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Family) Herbs or low shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, simple and usually entire; stipules (in all our species except those in Eriogonum) membranous and sheathing the stem. Flowers bisexual or occasionally unisexual, radially symmetrical, apetalous, in terminal or axillary cymose clusters or in heads, spikes, racemes, panicles, or umbels, rarely solitary and axillary, in Eriogonum in small clusters subtended by a cuplike involucre and th iese variously arranged; sepals 3-6, in 1 or 2 series, free or fused to some degree below midlength, herbaceous or petaloid, in Rumex the inner series enlarging and becoming membranous at fruiting; stamens (3)6-9; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 1-chambered the styles 2 or 3(4) lacking ard the 2 or 3(4) stigmas sessile. Fruit a 3-angled or lenticular achene. sters. Seeds are in dry, winged fruits whose clusters are much more obvious than the flowers (Photo 3). cture and chemistry point this way. Plants are annuals or perennials, both herbs and shrubs, usually not hairy. Leaves can be alternate or opposite. Flowers are solitary or in clusters of various kinds. They are often very colorful. To the layman they usually appear to have 5 petals (2-18) and 2 sepals, but the technical botanist regards these as 5 sepals and 2 bracts (modified leaves) respectively. They are interpreted as petals and sepals in Arnow's book. Seeds are in a capsule that spl its open into 2 or 3 parts. We have 8 species, mostly small plants of the foothills to subalpine, but with one garden weed (Photo 3). The variable number of 'petals' is seen in Photo 2). Spring Beauty is a favorite flower of early spring in the mountains and foothills (Photo 1). 003-013L 065-024M 038-017Q Purslane FamilyS#Claytonia Lewisia Montia Portulaca 009-029L 041-004M 006-023Q Buckwheat FamilyS!Eriogonum Oxyria Polygonum Rumex U>Wild Buckwheat Mountain Sorrel Knotweed Smartweed Sorrel POLYPODIACEAEB POLYPODIACEAE (True Fern Family) Terrestrial or epiphytic plants of diverse habit. Sporophyte consisting of l-several petioled leaves arising from a subterranean, erect to horizontal rhizome or a branching caudex bearing scales or infrequently hairs. Leaves green, usually large relative to the stem, coiled in bud, often hairy or scaly, simple or more often one or more times compound, the primary leaflets (pinnae) opposite or somewhat offset; fertile and sterile leaves alike or unlike. mbranous at fruiting; stamens (3)6-9; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 1-chambered the styles 2 or 3(4) lacking ard the 2 or 3(4) stigmas sessile. Fruit a 3-angled or lenticular achene. sters. Seeds are in dry, winged fruits whose clusters are much more obvious than the flowers (Photo 3). Cfgh the large colony-forming Bracken Fern (Photo 2) to the graceful Northern Maidenhair Fern (Photo 3). 101-024L 0002-07M 035-016Q True Fern FamilyS Adiantum Aspidotis Asplenium Athyrium Cheilanthes Cryptogramma Cystopteris Dryopteris Pellaea Polypodium Polystichum Pteridium Woodsia Maidenhair Fern Aspidotis Spleenwort Lady Fern Lip Fern Rock-brake Bladder Fern Shield Fern Wood Fern Cliffbrake Polypody Holly Fern Bracken Woodsia PORTULACACEAEB True Fern Family Fern Family leaves alike or unlike. stamens (3)6-9; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 1-chambered the styles 2 or 3(4) lacking ard the 2 or 3(4) stigmas sessile. Fruit a 3-angled or lenticular achene. sters. Seeds are in dry, winged fruits whose clusters are much more obvious than the flowers (Photo 3). AzThe Dirchgrass family consist of a single genus with a single species, Ruppia maritima. See the species for a description. Ditchgrass FamilyS Ruppia Ditchgrass SALICACEAEB SALICACEAE (Willow Family) Dioecious or rarely monoecious shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed; stipules usually present, often conspicuous, persistent or deciduous. Flowers unisexual, appearing before, with, or after the leaves, arranged in erect or pendulous catkins, these falling as a unit, each flower subtended by a membranous bract (scale), a perianth lacking, the staminate consisting of (1) 2-many stamens, the pistillate of a single pistil with a superior, Ditchgrass Family Our only native achene, sometimes the achen The True Fern family has traditionally been a very large one, containing about 7500 species. Many students have argued that it should be broken into several smaller sized families, but there is not yet general agreement. Ferns are not flowering plants, but reproduce by spores which develop in specialized patches beneath the leaves. Identifying a species often requires a good magnifier or microscope to observe these "sori" (Photo 1). Only general descriptions will be given. Although they d o not have flowers, ferns have roots, vessels for transporting fluids, and leaves with chlorophyll. Ferns are dependent on free-standing water at one stage of their life cycle; once established, however, some of them such as the cosmopolitan Bracken Fern (Photo 2) can tolerate dry conditions. Nevertheless, most require damp shady places, and our area has many fewer (19) than a comparable area in the Pacific Northwest. Our plants range from the small and inconspicuous cranny dwellers throu Pine Family Conifer Family The Pine Family is the largest in the conifer group. Although it is not huge numerically (10 genera and 220 species), it is of enormous economic significance because of the use of its wood. The three largest genera are the Pine, Spruce and Fir (Pinus, Picea and Abies respectively), which dominate northern and mountain forests over much of the Northern Hemisphere. All three occur in our area, as well as Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga), but reach nowhere the size they achieve further north. Leaves g down. Firs have flattened needles. Although they are attached in a spiral, they often twist to make the whole look flattened. Cones stick up, very dense and sticky. Douglas Fir also has flattened needles, but the cones hang down, and have a spine at the end of each scale. Cdortulaca; seeds 1-many, usually lens-shaped, smooth and shiny or minutely papillose to tuberculate. Purslane Family The Purslane family is medium-sized, with about 450 species in 20 genera. Leaf features that are common to many of the plants include their being somewhat succulent, simple (not built from leaflets), and smooth in outline. Details of flower structure are of greater importance for this, and also for identifying species. Surprising to the layman is the fact that the Cactus family is thought to be very closely related, and even may be included within this one - but again, many details of stru 003-013L 065-024M 038-017Q Purslane FamilyS#Claytonia Lewisia Montia Portulaca solitary or in racemes, or terminal in umbels; stamens equal in number to and opposite the petals, arising from the corolla or at the base of the ovary, staminodia rarely present; B pistil 1, the ovary superior or in a few species inferior, 1-chambered, the style 1 with a usually globose stigma. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent along the 2-6 (7)-valves or in a few species circumscissile; seeds few to numerous. Primrose Family 059-008L 060-007M 060-009Q Pondweed FamilyS Potamogeton U Pondweed PRIMULACEAEB essile or subsessile in whorls on axillary peduncles, the bud enclosed within the sheathing stipule; perianth of 4 oval, short-clawed segments (interpreted by some workers as bracts, by others as expanded connectives of the stamens); stamens 4, fused with the claws of the perianth segments; pistils 4, free, each 1-chambered with a short style, the latter persistent on the fruit as a more or less well-developed beak, or sometimes a style lacking. Fruit a somewhat flattened sessile achene, hCsardened when dry or with a thin, membranous pericarp, dorsally and laterally keeled, in some species obscurely so. Pondweed Family xpert. They are also difficult of access for all but the real enthusiast. 059-008L 060-007M 060-009Q Pondweed FamilyS Potamogeton 104-014L 011-004M 032-009Q Primrose FamilyS9Anagallis Androsace Dodecatheon Glaux Lysimachia Primula UPPimpernel Rock Jasmine Shooting Star Saltwort Sea Milkwort Loosestrife Primrose PYROLACEAEB PYROLACEAE (Wintergreen Family) Low perennial herbs or dwarf shrubs. Leaves usually evergreen, alternate or opposite, simple; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, 4- or 5-merous; sepals free or fused at the base; petals free; stamens 8 or 10, the anthers inverted (ours); pistil 1, the ovary superior, 4- or 5-chambered, the style 1 or obsolete, the stigma 4- or 5-lobed. Fruit a 4- or 5-lobed capsule; seeds numerous. Wintergreen FamilyF Species with very small, scarcely differentiated embryos and without cotyledons are by some workers removed from the family Ericaceae and placed in the separate family Pyrolaceae (see Cronquist 1968). hia). smallA small-leaved smallerR smelle smellingH smoothE snapdragon snapdragonish snapdragons soft-wooded soilW soilsd solanum solid^ solitary someB something specialized speciesA spectacularB spicesR spikelet spikelets spikerush^ spine spinesL spinyN spiral spirally splitJ splits sporesa spreada spreading spring springparsleysF spruce spruces spurgec spurs square mesembryanthemaceaeB mesembryanthemumB methods] microscopeL middleB mightN milkweedG milkyG mimicB mimosad mimosa-typed mind-bogglingc minimizingZ minuteD mirror missed missingP mistletoe mistletoes mistletoes moderate family genera species mitella miterwort mixture mnemonic^ moderateS modernR modestL modifiedB moistE moisture-lovingP monkeyflowers monkshood monoeciousK moreA morning] morning-gloryX mostE mostlyG namedB names\ namesake namingB narrow narrower nativeE small@ sometimes@ squawbush@ subshrubs@ technical that@ borage family about hundred genera specie@ dogwood family about species genera family small genera total phlox family modest species grouped poppy family contains annual perenial herbs often stafftree bittersweet family widespread willow family consists shrubs these@ family worldwide distribution members tongue@ typical@ value@ weed@ while willowherb/fireweed@ adiantum@ alopecurus amaranthus@ carduus@ chlorocrambe cymopterus@ glycyrrhiza@ genusA getsH giant gilia giveB given gives glabraE glory] gnarlyE goingM golden goodL goosefootD graceful grainD grape grasp grassd grassesI grasslike graveolensF grazing greatI greater greatest greatlyH greenE greenish grewa groundF groundsmokes groupD groupedF grouping groupsb growE growingE grownD growsF guaranteeL gypsophilaT habitat habitats hackberries hackberry hardy harebellP displayB distinctS distinctionP distinctiveI distributed distributionG disturbed diverseH diversification diversified diversityI divide dividedF division divisionsM docks dodder] dogbaneG dogsG dogwoodY dogwoodsY dominate dominated dominates don'tG douglas downingiaP downwardsb dozenS drabaM dramatically drasticR drawing drawings^ st-namedB flamboyantI flattenedL flavorfulF fliesH flowerF floweringB flowersB fluffI foodI forestsE forget-me-notsL formD formallyF fragrancesF fragrantF frequentlyH fromB fruitsL frustratingM furtherF gaveI generaB leavesE legends legumed legumesd lemonadeE lepidiumM lessM lettuceI levele lifeR lifestyle] likeB those heaths flowers parted likely likewise lilac line^ linkP links listedd lithophragma lithospermumL littleB liveB livestockF living lobeP lobed lobeliaP lobesI localL locallyI lomatiumF longB longer loniceraS lookQ loose amaranthusD amaryllis amateurM amazingB amazinglyc americaD american americas amongM amounts anagallis analyse analysisM analyzing] ancienta WnualsR anotherH answerL apartB apiumF apocynumG appearI appearingH apples applicable^ appliesD approximatelyI aquaticV aquilegia arabisM arbor-vitae\ arctic squawbushE stafftreeU stage stalk stalksd stamensN standouts startingM starwortT staying stemF stemsH stick stickingL stickseedL stickyR still sting stinging stivk stone stone-fruits stonecropZ stonecropsZ stonesB stoneseedL strange stringH stripsP structureI structuresH students stunningP styleR styles subalpine subdivided subfamilyP submerged lowerI sunflowersI superb^ superficiallyI supplyc supporting surfacesR surprised surprising surprisinglyV surroundN surroundingI surroundings swollen symmetricalP systematicB takeW takenN tallE targetK tasty taxes teasel_ typicalF typicallyA ubiquitousP uintasP ulmaceae ulmus umbelliferaeF umbelsF umbrellasF unbranched uncommon undergrounda unfortunatelyc unfurl uniquec unisexual unitD unite unitedD unlikeK unpleasant unrelated_ untilB untoothed untrained_ unusualQ unwanted uppermost upright usedG useful usual usuallyE utahN utterlyN v-shaped^ vaccariaT valerian valeriana valerianella valerians worldN worldwideI wouldM yearsB yellowF abies abronia achillea aconitum actaea newerF nexte nightZ nightshade ninety nitrogend nodes non-native non-resinous non-stinging noneT normally^ northL northerly northernA northwest notable\ notablyN nothofagaceaee noticeableT nowhere numberM numerous nutletsL nutrients nutse objects observe obviousZ occasionalP occasionallyF occurA occurring occurs` ocurD oenothera genus is Bedstraw with 7 species. These have paired dry fruits, often prickly. Madder (Rubia) which gives its name to the family, is a transplant from the Mediterranean region. Madder FamilyS Galium Rubia Bedstraw Cleavers Rubia RUPPIACEAEB and trees. In temperate regions they are usually herbs, with the Bedstraws (Galium) being the largest genus. Leaves are simple, usually untoothed, and opposite - but often in a ring around the stem (whorled). Flowers are in various types of cluster. Both calyx and are 4- or 5-lobed, with the lower parts joined. Bedstraws lack a calyx. Fruits can be berries, capsules, stone fruits and more. Our only native The Buckthorn family is a small one in our area, with just 2 species. Worldwide it is medium with 850 species in 45 genera, the largest of which is Buckthorn itself (Rhamnus). Plants are almost all woody, shrubs, trees and vines. Leaves are simple, often leathery. Flowers are radially symmetrical, 4- or 5-parted. Commonly they are in large clusters. Fruits are varied - capsules, berries or stone-fruits. Our 2 species are shrubs, the common Mountain Lilac and the Alder Buckthorn which occB#urs in only one place in our area. Buckthorn FamilyS Ceanothus Rhamnus Wild Lilac Buckthorn ROSACEAEB Marigold Virgin's Bower Larkspur Mouse Tail Buttercup / Crowfoot Crowfoot Meadowrue RHAMNACEAEB cle or an achene, rarely a berry or a capsule. family worldwide distribution members thistleI thorny` thoseD thoughJ thought thousandsQ threadlike threeE througha tightlyI timberY timesK tinyF tipsa tmperateU toadflax tobacco togetherI tolerate tomatoes trees/shrubsd trilobataE tropicU tropicalE tropicsc true\ trulyN trunksE truxillensisX tubeL turnF twice twigs twiningX twinnedS twist twists typeK typesS plusA podsH pointM poisonE poison-ivyE poisonousF polemonium pollenH pollen-bearing\ pollinated pollinatione polliniaH polygonum pomes pondweedV pondweeds poolsP poorW poorlye poplars poppies poppy popularP population poresZ possiblye potato potatoes potentilla pouch powerfulG presentB presented presentlyM pricklyN primeK primroseM primula prince's principle priority probably produceda prominent pronounced reproducea requiresF researchersR resemblanceN resemblancesR resembleI respectF respectivelyW responsesE restricted` resultedB revisionR rhusE richF ringI riseI roadsideR rockM rockyE rootF rottenH rotundifoliaP russianW achenes achieve aconitum acrossI actaea actuallyB adaptationZ adaptedW adder's adhere adhering adorns aeneas africaB africanH afterB againF aggregated aggressiveM agreement ailanthus aizoaceaeB album alder aldersK alivea alkaliX alkaloids allergicE almostA alnusK alone^ alongY alsoE alternateX alternating although alumroot always^ alyssumM amaranthD amaranthaceaeW TheWintergreen family is closely related to the Heath family, and modern research shows that it properly belongs there. Plants are low perennial herbs or dwarf shrubs, usually with evergreen leaves clustered at the base (Photo 1). Like those of the Heaths, flowers are 4-5 parted. In this case, sepals are joined in a flat cup, while the petals are separate. The female part of the flower (style) is often very thick and prominent (Photo 2, with fruit developing around the bottom). Seeds are in a rounded capsule. We have 6 species, all low-growing, with shiny evergreen leaves (hence the name), living mostly in damp cold forests. The lovely Woodnymph (Photo 2) was used as the cover picture on Arnow's 1980 edition, Although not seen in our area for nearly 100 years it is still plentiful further north. Several species of Wintergreen (Photo 1) are here, often growing next to each other in our few scraps of good habitat. Prince's Pine (Photo 3) is a tiny shrublet. catkins chenopodiaceae cherry-like@ come@ consistent@ crops direction display@ drugs@ encrusted especial@ families@ family flowing@ frequently@ genus@ hackelia@ high@ inconspicuous@ juniper just@ leaves@ locally loosestrife@ lumber@ mesembryanthemaceae@ mountain@ natural newer@ numbers@ one-shot orchid@ oxalic@ perfectly photos@ plus@ proper@ revision@ rubia rydbergii@ sepals@ sexual@ theseF thewintergreen thewintergreen family closely related heath family theyA thichH thickW thinM thingH thingsM thirdd thirds thisB single genus which should consulted sometimesD somewhatH sorrel sort^ sourceQ southP southernB sparselyX special] specialized speciesA specific spectacularB speedwells spicesR spikelet spikelets spikemoss spikerush^ spine spinesL spinyN spiral spirally splitJ splits splitting sporesa spreada spreading spring springparsleysF spruce spruces spurgec spurs square highD higher highlyB hillsidesE hippophae` hollow homeB honeysuckleS hookedL hopsQ hornedV hornwortV horseM horsetaila horticulturalI horticuralT houndstongueL howeverE hugeN human humans humblea hundredL hundredsI identification^ identifyc identifyingM illustrate^ image images immediately immensed immigrantsW impactL import importabtM importanceI importantF importedW importsc subshrubsb substanceG substancesG subtropical subtropicsU succulentB succulentsH suchN sufficiently suggestL suggests sumacE sunflowerI sunflowersI superb^ superficiallyI supplyc supporting surfacesR surprised surprising surprisinglyV surroundN surrounded surroundingI surroundings swollen sword-like symmetricalP systematicB takeW takenN tallE tamarisk targetK tasty taxes teasel_ technical^ technicallyB temperateA temporarily] tenacious tendrils tepals terms texture thanA borage family about hundred genera specieL broomrape family about genera species buckthorn family small buckwheat knotweed family about species buttercup family widely distributed temperate cactus family exclusively world originating caltrop family fairly small about species caper family large genera species mostlyR cypress family worldwide distribution dirchgrass family consist single genus singl dodder family contains single genus because ustard family large complicated older botanical large important family pigweed family features common goosD family fairly large genera species milyO therebyK 4500^ 5-10E 5-lobedI 5-parted 7000c abies ability aboutB abovea absent\ abundantS acaciad access accessible acerA drugsG druid drunkN drupesS dryingP dudleyasZ dumps duringZ dustyH dwarf dwellers dyer'sM eachI early easily easternb easyM eaten eating economicB economicallyF edgeI edges^ edibleE ediion edition effectd eitherK elaborate elaeagnus` eleocharis^ elevations elsewhere emergeT enable enables enclosed encrustedW endingN englishP enormous enrichingd enthusiast entirelyA epilobium equisetuma equivalente erectQ eriogonum escapeG escapedc escapesS escaping factW factorsQ fagalese faguse fairlyS fallE familiarP familiesB familyA WfeatureK featuresD feetF femaleK fern-like ferns fewer fiberQ fieldX figwortM filamentsd fineP firstD first-namedB flamboyantI flatsedge^ flattenedL flavorfulF flavoringQ fleshy\ fliesH flora^ floral flowerF floweringB flowersB tongue totalI totallingK toxicH toxicodendronE toxinsc traditionally transferredH transplant transplanted transportatione transporting trappedZ treatedc tree\ tree-of-heaven treesA trees/shrubsd tremendous tremendously trilobataE tropicU tropicalE tropicsc true\ trulyN trunksE truxillensisX tubeL tubular turnF twice twigs twiningX twinnedS twist twists typeK typesS rydbergiiE saidD saltN saltbushW samarasA sameF sandB sandalwood sandwortT saponarisT saucer-shaped saxifraga saxifrage scabiosa_ scabious_ scaleF scale-like\ scalesI scarcelyT scattered` scirpus^ scraps scrube scrutinyW seams seapurslaneB second sedge^ sedgesI sedges edges mnemonic applicable whole^ sedumZ sedumsZ seedA seedsF seeds rounded capsule seemN seemingly seenN segments segregatedK semi-parasitic sennad sense similarities^ simpleF singleD single-sexedW situationK sizeL skunkbushE slenderE slopesE justQ keeld keepM kept] keys^ kindsI knotweed knowG knowing knownB labrusca lackD lackingW ladder lady's lakeN lamb's lambsquartersW lantana largeA largerd largestJ larkspurs laterD latexc latinP layman layperson leadingZ leadsR leafZ leaflessN leafletsE leafy learn least leathery lettuceI levele lifeR lifestyle] likeB those heaths flowers parted likewise line^ linkP listedd lithospermumL littleB liveB livestockF living one-shotc onlyI open-faced openedZ openingb oppositeG oquirrhsN valueR variable variation variationsH variedd varieties varietyF variousI variouslyW varyW varying vastI vegetablesF veins verbena versions vervain veryF vespertine vessels viburnumS vincaG vineQ vinesE vinifera viola violet virgin's virginia viscum vitis volume^ wallowN wanders wantM wasteR waterF waterferns waterwaysY waysR whetherG whichB stafftree bittersweet family widespread stonecrop family large diverse species sumac family cashew family broader basis containE tamarisk family about genera species teasel family fairly small genera tree-of-heaven family about species trees family traditionally large valerian family consists about species verbena vervain family large though violet family about species mostly herbs waterferns reproduce spores rather seeds almost there single genus frankenia small family there single genus hornwort family aquatic there single species callitriche familyO therebyK cherry-likeS chickweedT chineseA chlorophyll choice cinquefoils cissus clamberingQ clammyR clarkia classicP classificatione classified^ classifyE clearP clematis cleomeM click climatesZ climb closeF closedZ closelyG clothingL clusterF clustered clustersA cockleT colony-forming coloredB colorfulE colors columbines columbines/virgin's combine commonestT commonly compactedH comparable complexF complicatedM composite_ compositesI compoundE compressF comprises concentratedZ concentrationsL conditionsZ cones\ conifer coniferous\ conifers consequently considered consist phlox family modest species grouped pigweed family features common goosD family largest conifer group although family fairly large genera species plantain family contains genera almost plants annual perennial herbs shrubs sometimes poppy family contains annual perenial herbs often primrose family consisting about genera purslane family medium-sized about species family outstanding importance humans sandalwood family about species genera saxifrage family about species genera sedge family important forage wildlife there^ snapdragon figwort family strange spurge family truly mind-boggling includesc 1000G 1300W 1500I 15000 17-30\ 18000d 2-chambered 2000H 2200T 23000I 2500B 250ish 3-lobedE 3-sided^ 3000b 4-parted 4000M dogwood family about species genera family trees shrubs alternate evening primrose family about genera family which belong known mesembB goosefoot family represented being grape family contains about species vines nearly grass family truly daunting nearly species heath family close species genera morning-glory family fairly large species mustard family large complicated older botanical large important family oleaster family small genera about pigweed family features common goosD family fairly large genera species sedge family important forage wildlife there^ consistent consistingP consistsK consult^ consulted containE containedX containingH containsE contextT contrastP conversely convolvulusX cosmopolitanb cotton cottonwoods countiesN countyN cover\ coveredL coverings^ coyote cranny crassulasZ crawlsH create creature creeper creepingP creosote cressM cressaX criterion cronquist^ cropsD cross crowded culinaryM cultivatedL cultivationS worldwide itselfW jacob's jadeZ jamesia jasmine joinedH jordan juiceG juicy juniper\ attributed] aucubaY australiaa awayB azaleasb baby'sT backa ballsH bamboos baneG related banish apocynum means without baneberry banishG banks bannerd barberryJ basal basicallyA basisE bastard beand bean-typed beautiful beauty becauseD becomeG becomesI bedstraw bedstraws beechK beech/oake beechese beenD beerQ beforeK bulrush^ bunchedI bundles bushyE buttercup buttercups cabbageM cabbage/mustardM cactiB cactusN caesalpiniad caesalpinia-typed calcium california calledF callenK callitricheO caltrop calystegiaX calyx camissonias campanulaP campionT can't cancer-root canyonE canyonsE caperM capital capsuleT capsulesS carawayF carbonZ carboniferousa cardinalP cardinalisP carex^ carriedR carrotF carryK conifers except juniper catchflyT oxalic oxalis pacific packetsL painful paintbrushes paird paired palmatelyR papaver papery pappusI parallel parasites parasitic] parkway parnassia parnassus parry's parsleyF parsnipF partM parted partially particulard partitionR partlyd parts patches patternF peaches pearsN pellitory penstemon penstemons people pepper peppergrassM peppers percent perenial perennialL perennialsX perfectlyP perianth perioda periwinklesG persicaria persist petalI petal-like` petalsB phlox photoI reduced referred refers\ reflection regard_ regardedb regards region\ regionsA reigniting relatedG relationship relationships] relatively^ relativesa relye relyinge remain remained remaininga remains reminiscentS removec renownedI representativeU representatives^ representedW reproducea reputation require requiresF research researchersR resemblanceN resemblancesR resembleI resinous respectF respectivelyW responsesE restricted` resultedB reticulata revised adsides rockM rockyE rootF rootsc rosette rottenH rotundifoliaP roundd rounded rubberc areaD areasE argued arguments aridZ arise arnowb arnow's aroundP arrangedF arrangementI arrangementsF arrayI artichokeI arvensisX asclepiadaceaeG asiaL assistI associated association astragalusd atripllexW attach attachedA attempted^ attractH attractive sepalsB sepals/petals separateK separatedb separately separates separating sepiumX 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individualI induceE inflict information^ inrolled insect insect'sH insectsN insideb insignificantd insteadH interest interestingK intermountain^ interpret interpreted intoF intricateH introduced invasiveP inviteZ ipomopsis irregularP irritantc family small genera total honeysuckle family moderate about horned pondweeds small family horsetail family relatively humble legume family third largest genera 18000 specd madder family large mainly tropical where maple family almost entirely large milkweed family large extraordinarily diverse morning-glory family fairly large species mustard family large complicated nettle family about genera species worldw nightshade potato family large important older botanical large important family oleaster family small genera about orchid family largest terms numbers flowingV flowrS flowring fluffI fluffy fluids focus folded foodI foods foothills forage^ forestsE forget-me-notsL formD formallyF forms foundP fragrancesF fragrantF frankeniaf freeT free-standing frequent fruit fruitsL frustratingM fuelc fumitory fundamentalW fungi furtherF fusedT galium gardenP gaveI generaB general generally geneticsR